Interrogative pronouns. Pronouns (general concepts) Pronoun in German
Possessive pronouns answer the question "whose?" and denote belonging ( my answer; our work, etc.). As in Russian, all personal pronouns in German have corresponding possessives; they need to be remembered:
Note that ihr (Ihr) means both "ee" and "them" ("your").
In Russian, in addition to the listed possessive pronouns, there is one more possessive pronoun mine(own). It is "universal", i.e. can be used in place of any other possessive pronoun.
I visit their (=mine) parents every week. My friend often visits his (= his) parents. you visit his (=your) sick friend?
There is no such "universal" possessive pronoun in German. Therefore, the value "mine" in German conveyed by one of the above possessive pronouns, namely those which matches the person of the subject.
For example:
Ich besuche myine Eltern jede Woche. Mein Freund ( er) besucht seine Eltern oft. Besuchen Sie Ihren kranken Freund?
Task 1. Specify: a) in which of the following sentences does the Russian pronoun “own” correspond to the German ihr (Ihr):
1. She will finish her work in a month. 2. I haven't seen my sister for a long time. 3. Do you do your homework in the evening? 4. Oleg helps his family. 5. After college, friends will go to their native village.
b) what possessive pronouns should be used in other sentences.
Read more about possessive pronouns
Personal pronouns in German
Personal pronouns can be in a sentence not only the subject ( compare: Ich les Deutsch. Er sprichtgut.). They can also answer the questions “to whom?”, “whom?”, i.e. be a supplement. Their forms must be remembered:
| Singular | |||||
| who? | i-ich | you - du | he-er | she is sie | it - es |
| to whom? | me - mir | you - dir | him - ihm | her - ihr | him - ihm |
| whom? | me-mich | you - dich | his - ihn | ee-sie | his - es |
| Plural | Polite form | ||||
| who? | we are wir | you - ihr | they are sie | You are Sie | |
| to whom? | us - uns | to you - euch | im-ihnen | To you - Ihnen | |
| whom? | us - uns | you - euch | them - sie | You - Sie | |
Task 2. Indicate which personal pronouns in German can be used instead of the highlighted ones, and how the meaning of the following sentences will change:
1. Geben Sie mir bitte dies Buch! 2. Ich sehe Sie oft in der Bibliothek.
Pay attention to the fact that in Russian there are personal pronouns of the 3rd person, answering the question “whom?” ( him, ee, them) coincide with possessive ( him, ee, them).
I see him often ( whom? - "him" - personal pronoun ).
I see often him sister ( whose sister? - "him" - possessive pronoun ).
There is no such coincidence in German.
I see him often. - Ich sehe ihn oft.
I see often him sister. - Ich sehe seine Schwester oft.
Therefore the words "his", "ee", "them" in different functions correspond to different words of the German language:
him - whom? - ihn, whose? - sein
ee - whom? - sie, whose? - ihr
them - whom? - sie, whose? - ihr
Task 3. Indicate, when translating which sentences you need to use: a) the pronoun sie; b) pronoun ihr:
1. My sister Olga and her husband Nikolay live in Moscow. 2. I love her very much. 3. She has been working at the school for many years. 4. Their children - Misha and Tanya - are already big. 5. They have their own families. 6. Now I often see them.
Keys to tasks on the topic "Possessive and personal pronouns in German"
1. a) 1; 3; 5. b) mein; 4. sein.
2.1.ihm; ihr; uns; ihnen. 2. ihn; dich; sie; euch.
11.02.2014 TUESDAY 00:00
GRAMMAR
Pronoun- this is a part of speech that indicates objects and their signs, but does not name them.
The function of a pronoun is to replace or accompany a noun.
In this article, we will consider the use of the following pronouns:
index;
Interrogative;
Possessive;
relative;
indeterminate;
Reflexive pronoun sich;
The impersonal pronoun es;
And mutual pronouns.
The use of demonstrative pronouns
1. Demonstrative pronouns der - this, die - this, das - this, die - these are always under stress.
In the sentence, these pronouns are used in the Nominativ - Nominative, Dativ - Dative and Akkusativ - Accusative case as an independent subject or object:
Sind Ihre Fenster bei der Explosion kaputtgegangen?
Ja, die müssen erneuert werden.
Were your windows smashed in the explosion?
Yes, they must be replaced with new ones.
Den, der mich beschimpft hat, nenne ich nicht.
Togo, who offended me, I will not name.
The Genitiv - Genitive form derer and dessen is used instead of the possessive pronouns ihr and sein to avoid misunderstanding:
Er lud Richard und dessen Freundin.
He invited Richard and him girlfriend.
The form derer points to the following attributive clause:
Der König lebte auf Kosten derer, die er verachtete.
The king lived off those he despised.
2. Dieser - this, diese - this, dieses - this, diese - these indicate a person or object that is closer to the speaker in terms of space or time:
Dieses Haus gefällt mir besser.
I like this house better.
Wir fahren dieses Jahr in Urlaub.
We are going on holiday this year.
3. Pronouns jener - that, jene - that, jenes - that, jene - those indicate an object or person that is spatially or temporally distant from the speaker:
Wer sitt auf jenem Platz?
Who is sitting in that place?
Jene Tage vergesse ich nothing.
I won't forget those days.
4. Pronoun (ein) solcher - such, (eine) solche - such, (ein) solches - such, solche - such indicate the qualities of an object without naming these qualities:
Ein solches Benehmen ist unbegreiflich.
This behavior is not clear.
Ein solches Buch benötige ich.
I need this book.
5. Derselbe - the same, dieselbe - the same, dasselbe - the same, dieselben - the same indicate a person or thing identical to the previously named:
Heute hast du dasselbe Kleid an, wie gestern und vorgestern.
Today you are wearing the same dress as yesterday and the day before.
6. Der gleiche - the same, die gleiche - the same, das gleiche - the same, die gleichen - the same denotes a person or thing that is the same as the previously named, but not identical:
Mein Freund hat sich zufällig den gleichen Anzug gekauft, wie ich.
My friend accidentally bought himself the same suit as me.
7. Derjenige - that, diejenige - that, dasjenige - that, diejenigen - those indicate a person and an object, which will be discussed in more detail in the following relative clause:
Diejenigen, die dafür sind, heben bitte die Hand.
Those in favor, please raise your hand.
8. The pronoun selbst / selber - does not change itself. It is placed after the word to which it refers.
It should be distinguished from adverb selbst - even, which, on the contrary, is placed before the word that highlights:
Hast du die Arbeit selbst gemacht?
You myself did the job?
Selbst sie kann das nicht übersetzen.
Even she can't translate it.
The use of interrogative pronouns
1. Wer - who is used in an interrogative sentence in relation to persons in the singular and plural:
|
Wer kommt morgen? |
Who will come tomorrow? |
|
Uta kommt morgen Uta und Eva kommen morgen. |
Uta will come tomorrow. Uta and Eva will come tomorrow. |
wem forms - to whom and wen - whom used without a preposition and with a preposition:
|
Wem schreibst du? |
Who are you writing to? |
|
Wen beschuldigst du? |
Who are you blaming? |
|
Mit wem gehst du? |
Who are you going with? |
|
An wen denkst du? |
What are you thinking about? |
2. Was - what is used in an interrogative sentence in relation to objects, phenomena, etc. in the singular and plural:
The pronoun Was is also used in questions about the profession, the nature of the activity, occupation or hobby:
3. Pronoun wessen - whose, whose, whose, whose stands before singular and plural nouns. The article is omitted:
4. Pronouns welcher - what, welche - what, welches - what, welche - what used in questions about a specific person or thing that the questioner knows about:
Welch - does not bow welcher, welche, welches, welche also used in exclamatory sentences.
5. Interrogative pronoun was fur ein, eine, ein - what, what, what used in the singular in the question of the quality, property of the subject. The answer uses the indefinite article.
In the plural, was für is used or rarely was für welche, in the answer the noun does not have an article:
Was für ein, eine, ein is used with real nouns without an article:
Was fur papier brauchst du?
What paper do you need?
Sometimes parts of the pronoun was für ein are separated from each other:
Was ist das fur eine Frau?
What is this woman?
Was sind das fur Manner?
What are these men?
Was für ein, eine, ein is used in exclamatory sentences:
Was für ein großer Künstler er ist!
What a great artist he is!
Was für ein, eine, ein is used with prepositions. At the same time, the case of the article ein and the noun is affected not by für, but by the preposition:
Mit was für einem Kuli schreibst du den Brief?
What pen do you write the letter with?
Use of personal pronouns
Personal pronouns are used instead of nouns.
Since the gender of nouns in German and Russian does not always coincide, it is necessary to translate German personal pronouns into Russian pronouns, depending on the gender of the replaced Russian noun:
Das ist ein Buch. Es gehort mir.
This is a book. She belongs to me.
Hier ist ein Fluss. Erist breit.
Here is a river. She is wide.
1. Ich - I denotes the speaker and is used in direct speech.
Ich tanze mit ihr.
I dance with her.
2. Du - you are also used in direct speech. This is the person who is directly addressed. This form of address indicates friendly relations. it is used in the family, between relatives, friends, good acquaintances, among young people, adults to children, to animals, objects or abstract concepts:
Du bist me in best Freund!
You are my best friend!
Ich befehle dir.
I command you.
3. Er - he, sie - she, es - it denotes the one they are talking about.
Dortsteht ein Mann. Ihn kenne ich nothing.
There is a man standing there. I don't know him.
Sie kommt zu mir.
She approaches me.
4. Wir - we is used by the speaker or the author when he addresses on behalf of or with reference to two or more persons.
Wir fahren ins Ausland.
We are going abroad.
5. The pronoun ihr - you is used when referring to children, friends, etc., i.e. to several persons, with each of which the speaker refers to "you":
Kinder, kommt ihr in den Wald?
Guys, are you going to the forest?
6. The pronoun Sie - You is used to express politeness when referring to adults and strangers or one or more persons with whom the speaker refers to "You".
In grammatical terms, it coincides with the 3rd person plural pronoun sie - they.
The form of polite address Sie - you are capitalized in all cases:
Herr Müller, kommen Sie morgen?
Müller, will you come tomorrow?
Herren, gehen Sie mit?
Gentlemen, are you coming with us?
Zum Geburtstag wünsche ich Ihnen alles Gute.
On the occasion of your birthday, I wish you all the best.
Darf ich Sie zum Tanz bitten?
May I invite you to dance?
Personal pronouns ich - I, du - you, wir - we, ihr - you, Sie - you only refer to persons, personal pronouns er - he, sie - she, es - it, sie - they- persons and objects.
Genitiv - Genitive case - personal pronouns are rarely used, only with verbs that require Genitiv:
Ich gedenke deiner.
I remember about you.
The use of possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns have a double bond:
2. They denote the ownership of a person or object, and therefore the choice of the possessive pronoun itself depends on the person, gender and number of the word denoting “owner”.
Possessive pronouns can not only perform the function of defining a noun, but also replace a noun, i.e. be used without it. In this case, they decline as follows:
|
Singular |
Plural |
|||
|
masculine |
neuter gender |
feminine |
||
|
meine, deine, seine, ihre, eure, unsere |
||||
|
meinem, deinem, seinem, ihrem, eurem, unserem |
meiner, deiner, seiner, ihrer, eurer, unserer |
|||
|
meinen, deinen, seinen, ihren, euren, unseren |
mein(e)s, dein(e)s, sein(e)s, ihr(e)s, eures - euers, unser(e)s |
meine, deine, seine, ihre, eure, unsere |
meine, deine, seine, ihre, eure, unsere |
|
Wessen Wagen ist das? - Das ist meiner.
Whose car is it? - This my.
Das ist nicht deine Tasche, sondern meine.
This is not your bag, but my.
East das dein Buch? - Ja, das ist mein(e)s.
This is your book? - Yes it my.
More often instead meines, deines, seines, ihres, eures, unseres used meins, deins, seins, ihrs, euers, unsers, i.e. at the end of -es drop -e :
Wessen Haus ist das?
Das ist meins, deins, seins, ihrs, unsers, euers, ihrs.
Whose is this house?
This is mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.
Possessive pronouns can also be used with the definite article. In this case, they are declined as adjectives according to the weak declension:
|
Singular |
Plural |
|||
|
masculine |
neuter gender |
feminine |
||
|
der meine, der deine, der seine, der ihre, der eure, der unsere |
||||
|
dem meinen, dem deinen, dem seinen, dem ihren, dem euren, dem unseren |
der meinen, der deinen, der seinen, der ihren, der euren, der unseren |
|||
|
den meinen, den deinen, den seinen, den ihren, den euren, den unseren |
das meine, das deine, das seine, das ihre, das eure, das unsere |
die meine, die deine, die seine, die ihre, die eure, die unsere |
die meinen, die deinen, die seinen, die ihren, die euren, die unseren |
|
Wessen Bleistift nimmst du?
Ich nehme den meinen.
Whose pencil will you take?
I'll take mine.
Wessen Buch nimmst du?
Ich nehme das meine.
Whose book will you take?
I'll take mine.
Instead of den meinen etc. den meinigen, den deinigen, etc. may be used. These forms are characteristic of oral speech:
Die Bäume im Nachbargarten blühen schon, die unsrigen sind noch nicht so weit.
The trees in the neighboring garden are blooming, but ours are not yet.
Das Buch ist das meinige.
My book.
Possessive pronouns can be substantiated, i.e. become nouns:
Er liebt die Seinen/Seinigen.
He loves his loved ones.
Ewig der Deine!
Forever yours!
Tun Sie das Ihre.
Do your thing.
Jedem das Seine.
To each his own.
In some cases, instead of a possessive pronoun, a personal pronoun with the preposition von:
Das war ein Freund von mir.
This was a friend of mine.
Possessive pronouns in certain cases - in the Bible, poetry, etc. - can come after a noun:
|
Vater unser, der du bist im Himmel. Our Father who art in heaven. |
Nimm auch meine Seele in die Hande dein. Take my soul into your hands. |
The use of relative pronouns
In a sentence, relative pronouns replace the character and serve as a connecting link between the main and subordinate clauses.
1. Relative pronouns der - which, die - which, das - which, die - which agree in gender, number and case with the word in the main clause to which they refer:
Der Mann, der hier wohnt, ist Arzt.
The man who lives here is a doctor.
Der Mann, den ich sehe, ist Arzt
The man I see is a doctor.
Der Mann, auf den ich warte, ist Arzt.
The man I'm waiting for is a doctor.
Es ist einer der schönsten Filme, die ich gesehen habe.
This is one of the best films I have ever seen.
Deren and dessen agree in gender and number with the noun defined by the subordinate clause:
Der Mann, dessen Auto da steht…
The man whose car is parked over there...
Die Frau, deren Tochter ich kenne,…
A woman whose daughter, I know...
2. Relative pronoun wer - who in a relative subordinate clause basically stands before the main clause.
The main sentence in this case is introduced by the demonstrative pronouns der, dem, den:
Wer das tut, der hat Folgen zu tragen.
Whoever does this must bear the consequences.
Wem es nicht gefällt, der kann weggehen.
Anyone who doesn't like it can leave.
Wen man liebt, dem verzeiht man vieles.
Whoever is loved, much is forgiven.
The relative pronoun was - what is used:
After pronouns das is that, dem, dasselbe is the same, dasjenige is that, das einzige is the only thing, alles is everything, vieles is a lot, anderes is another and etc.:
Ich verstand alles, was er sagte.
I understood everything he said.
Er aß nur das, was ihm schmeckte.
He only ate what he liked.
Das Einzige, was er trinkt, ist Tee.
The only thing he drinks is tea.
Steht in diem Buch dasselbe, was im anderen steht?
Does this book say the same thing as the other one?
After substantivized, i.e. become nouns, adjectives with an abstract meaning, as well as after substantiated adjectives in the superlative degree and substantiated ordinal numbers, which are used in the neuter gender:
Es war etwas ganz Neues, was er erreichen wollte.
It was something completely new that he wanted to achieve.
Es war das Schönste, was er gesehen hat.
It was the most beautiful thing he had ever seen.
Das war das Erste, was ich gemacht habe.
It was the first thing I did.
If was refers not to a single word, but to the content of the entire main sentence:
Ersteckte den Schlüssel ein, was niemand bemerkte.
He inserted the key, which no one noticed.
Die Tür stand weit offen, was dem Wächter sofort auffiel.
The door was wide open, which immediately caught the watchman's eye.
3. Pronouns welcher - which, welche - which, welches - which, welche - which almost never used in oral speech.
In written speech, they are used mainly to avoid repeating the same forms:
Use of indefinite pronouns
1. The indefinite pronoun all- has both singular and plural: aller - all, alle - all, alles - everything, alle - everything. In the singular, it is used with names of substances and abstract nouns. In the plural, it indicates the coverage of individual homogeneous objects, persons, phenomena, etc.:
Aller Ärger war verflogen.
All worries passed quickly.
Er hat alles Geld verspielt.
He lost all the money.
Alle Kinder bekamen je ein Buch.
All children received a book.
All- can replace or accompany a noun:
Alle Menschen sind sterblich.
All people are mortal.
Alle sind schon nach Hause gegangen.
Everyone has already gone home.
Before a definite article or a demonstrative or possessive pronoun, the indeclinable form all is used:
Er hat mich mit all seinen Freunden besucht.
He visited me with all his friends.
All das weiss sie doch.
She knows all this.
2. Einer - someone, eine - someone, eines - something indicate an indefinite person from a group of persons or an indefinite object from a group of objects.
These pronouns are used only in the singular:
Einer weiß, dass ich hier bin.
Someone knows that I'm here.
In the plural einer, eine, eines has the form welche - some, some:
I ch brauche Tomaten. Haben wir welche?
I need tomatoes. Do we have any?
Einer, eine, eines replace a noun:
3. In a negative sense, it is used keiner - none, keine - none, keines - none, keine - none:
Keiner weiß, dass ich hier bin.
Nobody knows that I'm here.
Das glaubt dir keiner.
Nobody will believe you in this.
Keiner, keine, keines, keine replace a noun:
4. Instead of singular nouns without an article, the form is used welcher - some, some, welche - some, some, welches - some, some:
5. Einige - some, a few, etliche - some, a few, mehrere - some, a few can either accompany or replace a noun. Einige, etliche are used both in the singular and in the plural, and mehrere - only in the plural:
Sie hatte einige, etliche Freundinnen eingeladen.
She invited several friends.
Es besteht noch einige, etliche Hoffnung.
There's still some hope, some hope
Der Zug hatte mehrere Stunden Verspätung.
The train was several hours late.
6. The pronoun ein bisschen - a little means a relatively small fraction of something:
Kannst du ihr ein bisschen Brot geben?
Can you give her some bread?
This pronoun can be declined with the indefinite article ein:
Mit ein(em) bisschen Geduld wirst du es schaffen.
With a little patience, you will do it.
The pronoun ein paar - several means several persons or objects. The pronoun ein wenig - a little means a small part of something. These pronouns do not change:
Er ist vor ein paar Tagen verreist.
He left a few days ago.
Mit ein wenig Geduld kann man das erreichen.
With a little patience, this can be achieved.
7. Pronoun etwas - something, something- this is an invariable pronoun that denotes an indefinite object, phenomenon, etc.:
Etwas stimmt hier nicht.
There is something wrong here.
Weist du etwas?
Do you know anything?
Etwas also means "a little":
Erspricht etwas Französisch.
He speaks a little French.
Hast du etwas Brot fur mich?
Do you have some bread for me?
8. Jeder - each by its value selects individual elements from the set. This pronoun can refer to people and things, as well as to replace and accompany a noun. It is used only in the singular:
Jeder muss fleissig studieren.
Everyone should study hard.
Jeder Student muss fleissig studieren.
Every student must study hard.
Wir haben jeden Winkel abgesucht.
We searched every corner.
9. Irgend-, connecting with indefinite pronouns einer, eine, eines, welcher, welche, welches, jemand, etwas, was, wer, exacerbate the uncertainty even further.
irgendein- any, any, irgendeiner- anyone, anyone irgendeine- any, any, irgendein- some, some, some irgendwelcher- any, any, irgendwelche- any, any, irgendwelches- any, any, irgendwelche- any, any, irgendjemand- anyone, anyone, somebody irgendetwas- anything irgendwer- anyone.
These pronouns are translated into Russian using particles something, something, something:
Kennst du irgendwen, der ein Auto kaufen möchte?
Do you know anyone/anyone/someone who would like to buy a car?
10. Jedermann - everyone, everyone obsolete or high-style pronoun. Most often, instead of jedermann, jeder is used - each:
Bald bekommt er mit jedermann Streit.
Soon he will quarrel with everyone.
Das ist nicht jedermanns Geschmack.
It's not to everyone's taste.
11. Jemand - someone, anyone denotes an indefinite person:
Jemand hat nach dir gefragt.
Someone asked you.
Es fiel ihm schwer, jemand(em) zu wiedersprechen.
It was difficult for him to object to someone.
Ich kenne jemand(en), der uns hilft.
I know someone who will help us.
To increase uncertainty, irgend- is used:
Hat dich irgendjemand gesehen?
Has anyone seen you?
12. Man denotes some unknown person. This pronoun does not change and is used only in the Nominative case - Nominativ:
Man hat gehort.
Heard.
In the Dative - Dativ and Accusative - Akkusativ cases, einem, einen are used instead:
Je älter man wird, desto rätselhafter wird einem das Leben.
The older you get, the more mysterious life becomes.
Diese Musik lässt einen nicht mehr los.
This music won't let go.
Man can refer to one person or several persons and can even replace the personal pronoun "I":
Darf man eintreten?
May I (me, him, us) enter?
Sentences with man are translated into Russian:
Indefinite personal sentences without a subject. The predicate is in the 3rd person plural:
Man hat mir ein Album geschenkt.
They gave me an album.
Indefinitely personal sentences with a verb in the 2nd person singular with or without the pronoun "you":
Wenn man das Gemälde anschaut, bewundert man es.
When you look at a painting, you admire it.
Infinitive sentence:
Wie übersetzt man diese Wendung?
How to translate this sentence?
Impersonal sentences with impersonal words: seen, heard, impossible, possible, necessary, necessary, etc.:
Hierhort man nichts.
Nothing is heard here.
Hier sieht man nichts.
Nothing is visible here.
Man darf nicht rauchen.
No smoking.
Man muss etwas tun.
Something needs/should be done.
Passive sentences:
Man diskutiert die Wege der Zusammenarbeit.
Ways of cooperation are being discussed.
13. Mancher - some, manche - some, manches - some, manche - some can replace or accompany a noun. They are used in the singular and plural:
Die Straße ist an manchen Stellen beschädigt.
The road is damaged in some places.
Manches neue Kleid ist sehr teuer.
Some dresses are very expensive.
Manche lernen das offenbar nicht.
Some obviously don't learn this.
14. Niemand - nobody and nichts - nothing - these are negative indefinite pronouns. Niemand refers to animate objects, while nichts refers to inanimate objects. The pronoun nichts does not change:
Niemand hat an die Tür geklopft.
Nobody knocked on the door.
Ihr ist zum Gluck nichts geschehen.
Fortunately, nothing happened to her.
Hast du nichts von Erika gehort?
Have you heard of Eric?
15. Sämtlich has singular and plural forms: sämtlicher - all, sämtliche - all, sämtliches - everything, sämtliche - everything. It can accompany, rarely replace, a noun:
Sämtlicher Abfall war weggeräumt.
All waste has been removed.
Sämtliche Studenten waren in der Aula.
All students were in the auditorium.
16. Viele - many, wenige - few can accompany or replace a noun. They are only used in the plural:
Viele Studenten nahmen an der Veranstaltung teil.
Many students took part in the event.
Viele haben das gesehen.
Many have seen it.
Wenige Menschen glauben daran.
Few people believe in this.
Wenige glauben daran.
Few believe in it.
17. Viel - a lot, wenig - a little are used with real and abstract nouns without an article in the singular. They can also be used with plural nouns. These pronouns do not change:
Viel Zeit brauche ich dafür.
It will take me a lot of time to do this.
Wenig/viel Blut wurde vergossen.
Little/much blood was shed.
Ohne viel Worte zu verlieren, half sie ihnen.
Without wasting many words, she helped them.
Use of the reflexive pronoun sich
reflexive pronoun sich is used:
1. In the proper-return value. It indicates that the action, called the verb, is directed at the one who performs this action, i.e. on the subject of this action:
Sie wascht sich.
__________|
She is washing.
2. As an integral part of true reflexive verbs, without which these verbs are not used:
Sie schämt sich.
She is ashamed.
True reflexive verbs- these are reflexive verbs in which the reflexive pronoun sich is obligatory and cannot be replaced by another pronoun or noun, etc.
3. As an integral part of reciprocal verbs. These verbs denote the action of two or more persons. Sich for mutually reflexive verbs establishes reciprocal reflexivity, and in meaning corresponds to the pronoun einander - each other:
Sie begegneten sich oft auf dem Wege zur Arbeit.
They often met on the way to work.
4. To express passive relationships:
Die Ware lässt sich schlecht verkaufen.
The product does not sell well.
Auf diesem Stuhl sitzt es sich bequem.
This chair is comfortable to sit on.
Der Roman liest sich leicht.
The novel is easy to read.
Hier atmet es sich leicht.
It's easy to breathe here.
5. In stable expressions:
Das hat nichts auf sich.
This means nothing.
Er kam bald wieder zu sich.
Soon he came to his senses.
Der Wein hat in sich.
The wine is strong.
Use of the impersonal pronoun es
Pronoun es is used:
1. In passive sentences. In subordinate clauses and questions, es always drops out:
Es sind in den letzten Jahren viele Hochhäuser gebaut worden.
In recent years, many high-rise buildings have been built.
Es wurden Fahnen geschwenkt.
They waved flags.
Ich habe gesehen, dass Fahnen geschwenkt wurden.
I saw flags being waved.
Wurden denn auch Fahnen geschwenkt?
Did you wave flags?
Es is also used in passive passive sentences at the beginning of a sentence. The predicate is always in the form of the 3rd person singular:
Es wird auf Wanderungen viel über das Wetter gesprochen.
There is a lot of talk about the weather during hikes.
2. The pronoun es is also used as a formal subject:
With actually impersonal verbs denoting natural phenomena or changes in state:
Den ganzen Tag regnete es im Norden.
It rained all day in the north.
Heute ist es kalt, heiss.
Today is cold and hot.
Es Dammert.
It's getting light.
Es taut.
Melts.
Es donnert.
Thunder.
Es blitzt.
Lightning flashes.
With verbs denoting sounds / noises, including those of natural origin without indicating
Pronouns (local) in German
As part of speech places. serves to replace a noun, proper name or adjective in a sentence without naming them.
There are 9 main groups of pronouns in German. This:
1. Personal places. (Personalpronomen) are:
- 1st person - ich (I), wir (we)
- 2nd person: du (you), ihr (you), Sie (polite form you)
- 3rd person: er (he), sie (she), es (it, it), sie (they)
Use of private spaces.:
Ich habe ein neues Buch gelesen. Es ist sehr interessant. – I have read a new book. She is very interesting.
Nächstes Mal müsst ihr um 8 Uhr kommen. - Next time you should come at eight o'clock.
Personal places. they are declined according to cases, but in the genitive case they are used very rarely - only in those cases when it is required by the control of individual verbs or adjectives.
For example: würdig (worthy)
Du bist ihrer nicht würdig. You don't deserve her.
2. Possessive places. (Possessivpronomen) are derived from personal places. in the genitive case and answer the question “wessen?” (whose?):
ich (I) - mein (my)
du (you) - dein (your)
er (he) - sein (him)
sie (she) - ihr (her)
es (it) - sein (it)
wir (we) - unser (our)
ihr (you) - euer (your)
Sie (you) - Ihr (your)
sie (they) – ihr (them)
Possessive places. are placed before a noun and act as an article in a sentence. Thus, they are inclined in the same way as articles (in accordance with the gender, number and case of the noun).
For example: Das sind meine Schwestern. “These are my sisters.
Ich gebe meiner Schwester einen Kugelschreiber. I give my sister a pen.
Ich liebe meinen Mann. - I love my husband.
3. Return seats. (Reflexivpronomen) indicates the direction of action towards the subject. In German, reflexive places. sich is declined for persons, numbers and has two case forms - Dativ and Akkusativ (depending on the control of the verb).
For example: Ich kaufe mir ein neues Kleid. I am buying myself a new dress.
In third person places. sich does not change.
For example: Sie kauft sich ein neues Kleid. She is buying herself a new dress.
4. Signposts. (Demonstrativpronomen) answer the question “welche (-s, -r)?” - “what (what, what)?”.
To index places. relate:
diese (dieser, dieses) - this (this, this)
jene (jener, jenes) - that (that, that)
solche (solcher, solches) - such (such, such).
Pointing places. in a sentence they stand before a noun and are declined for numbers and cases like a definite article.
For example: Ich habe jenen Mann schon einmal gesehen. “I've seen that man once before.
Often in colloquial speech with singular nouns, the expression solch ein (such) is used. In this case, the first part does not change, but only the indefinite article ein is declined.
For example: Ich habe nie solch eine schöne Stadt gesehen! I have never seen such a beautiful city!
5. Interrogative places. (Interrogativpronomen) in German are: wer, was, welche (-r, -s), was für.
Places wer and was are not used in the plural and do not change by gender and have three case forms - Nominativ, Dativ and Akkusativ.
For example: Wem gibst du dieses Buch? Who are you giving this book to?
Was bist du (von Beruf)? - What is your profession?
Places welche changes in gender and in all cases as a definite article.
For example: Nach welchem Land fährst du? - What country are you going to?
Welche Gruppe gefällt ihr? What group does she like?
6. Relative places. (Relativpronomen) are mainly used in complex sentences. Relative pronouns in German are: der (which), die (which), das (which), welche (which), die (which). Relative pronouns are declined according to cases and serve as allied words in a subordinate clause.
For example: Der Junge, den Sie getroffen haben, ist mir bekannt. “The young man you met is familiar to me.
7. Uncertain places. (Indefinitpronomen) , such as jemand (someone), etwas (something), man, alle (all), einige (some), wenige (some, some), serve as the subject or object in the sentence. Unlike other indefinite pronouns, man is not translated into Russian and is used in indefinite personal sentences. Places man does not change its form (same as etwas).
For example: Man sagt, sie kocht am besten. They say she cooks the best.
8. Impersonal places. es does not change and is used in the 3rd person singular. numbers in impersonal sentences. Most often, es is used to refer to weather and natural phenomena.
For example: Es schneit (it's snowing), es regnet (it's raining), es ist heiß (it's hot), etc.
9. To negative places. (Negativpronomen) include kein (none), niemand (no one), nichts (nothing). Places kein is inflected for gender, number, and case, and is only used with nouns.
For example: Ich habe keinen Freund. - I do not have a friend.
Places nichts, niemand are used only in the 3rd. face unit numbers do not change.
For example: Niemand versteht mich. - Nobody understands me.
Ich kann nichts finden. - I can't find anything.
sich myself
dieser, dies, dies | this, this, this |
jener, jene, jenes | that, that, that |
solcher, solche, solches | such, such, such |
der, die, das | that, that, that |
selbst, selber | by himself, by himself, by himself |
derjenige, diejenige, dasjenige | that, that, that |
derselbe, dieselbe, dasselbe | the same, the same, the same |
derlei, dergleichen | this kind |
Indefinite pronouns (Indefinitpronomen)
some |
|
few |
|
jeder, jede, jedes, jedermann | |
irgendein, irgendeine | some, some, some |
Indefinite personal pronouns
man
Man sag...= They say...
Negative Pronouns (Verneinende Pronomen)
kein, keine | none, none, none |
Impersonal pronoun (das unpersönliche Pronomen)
Es regent. It's raining.
Wie geht es dir? How are you?
Es ist Kalt. Cold.
Es Gibt … There is...
Personal reflexive and possessive pronouns
Personal pronouns (Personalpronomen)
Singular | Plural |
||||||
case | Polite form |
||||||
Nominative | er is he | wir we | ihr you | sie they | Sie You |
||
Genetiv | meiner me | deiner you | seiner him | unser us | eurer you | ihrer them | Ihrer You |
Dative | mir to me | dir you | ihm to him | uns us | euch to you | ihnen them | Ihnen To you |
Accusative | Mich me | dich you | ihn him | uns us | euch you | sie them | Sie You |
Reflexive pronouns (Reflexivpronomen)
Possessive pronouns (Possessivpronomen)
Wessen? Whose? Whose? Whose?
person | Owner | Possessive pronoun |
1st person singular | my(e) mine, mine, mine, mine; own, own, own, own |
|
2nd person singular | dein(e) yours, yours, yours, yours; own, own, own, own |
|
3rd person singular | er is he | sein(e) his, his, his, his, his |
1st person plural | wir we | unser(e) ours, ours, ours ; own, own, own, own |
2nd person plural | ihr you | euer(e) yours, yours, yours ; own, own, own, own |
3rd person plural | sie they | ihr(e) them; own, own, own, own |
Demonstrative interrogative and relative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns (Demonstrativpronomen)
Singular | Plural |
|||
maskulinum | Femininum | Neutrum |
||
Nominative | derselbe | dieselbe | dasselbe | dieselben |
Genetiv | desselben | derselben | desselben | derselben |
Dative | demselben | derselben | demselben | denselben |
Accusative | denselben | dieselbe | dasselbe | dieselben |
Interrogative pronouns (Interrogativpronomen)
case | animated | inanimate |
Nominative | wer? who? | was? what? |
Genetiv | Wessen? whose? whose? whose? | Wessen? whose? whose? whose? |
Dative | wem? to whom? | wem what? |
Accusative | wen? whom? | was what? |
Relative pronouns (Relativpronomen)
Singular | Plural |
|||
maskulinum | Femininum | Neutrum |
||
Nominative | der | die | das | die |
Genetiv | dessen | deren | dessen | deren |
Dative | dem | der | dem | Denen |
Accusative | den | die | das | die |
There are several types of pronouns in German:
- personal,
- possessive,
- index,
- indefinite,
- returnable,
- interrogative.
Each of these types has its own forms, ways of declension and rules of use.
We will consider each type separately.
Tuesday, 15 Dec 2015The German impersonal pronoun "es" is often used in various impersonal phrases and sentences. As a rule, it is used in sentences when they describe something abstract, not tied to a specific object or person. Consider the features of the use of this pronoun in speech examples.
Monday, 28 Jul 2014Die Mehrdeutigkeit des Pronomens es. Das unpersönliche Pronomen es.
Monday, 24 Feb 2014Answers to various questions can be both complete (complete) and abbreviated, if it is already clear what is being said, for example:
Friday, 06 Dec 2013Interrogative and demonstrative
For the formation of pronominal adverbs (nar.) of this category in German, Nar. in combination with prepositions (preposition).
Friday, 29 Nov 2013In the German language (lang.) there are such pronouns (loc.), in the semantics of which there is no indication of any specific gender (gender). To places like this. relate:
Sunday, 14 Oct 2012
Pronouns (places) can not only act as substitutes for objects or persons in speech, but also give them a certain characteristic, that is, in fact, replace the signs of objects or persons.
Thursday, 16 Aug 2012The system of personal (personal) pronouns (places) of the German (German) language is very similar to Russian:
Sunday, 12 Aug 2012In the German (German) language, as in our native Russian, there are different categories of pronouns (local). One of them is possessive (possessive) places. (Possessivepronomen).
Monday, 18 Jun 2012
Pronouns (places) in any language denote an object, person, sign or quantity, but do not name it. Those. they replace nouns (noun), adjectives, numerals and adverbs. Hence their name (instead of a name). In German places. are called Pronomen or Fürwörter, which also reflects their function (pro = für - for, instead of, instead of).
The class of relative (relative) pronouns (local) in German is represented by the pronouns der (its generic forms die, das and the plural form die) and welcher (respectively welche, welches, welche).
Friday, 15 Jun 2012Considering the declension of pronouns (local) in German, it is necessary to understand that different classes of pronouns decline differently, so we will consider them in groups.
Monday, 28 May 2012The section is quite extensive and the topic of reflexive (return) pronouns is one of the significant parts of this section.
Indicates the subject (rarely object) in a sentence. It has only two case forms and is used in a sentence as an addition, less often as a circumstance:
Saturday, 19 May 2012Demonstrative pronouns in German is a simple topic, but if you have problems with articles, you will have to work hard to master this topic properly.
Demonstrative pronouns in German indicate a person or object more accurately than a definite article and are more accentuated in speech. They stand in place of the definite article.
Demonstrative pronouns are: der (that, he, which), dieser (this one), jener (that one), solcher (such), derjenige (that one), derselbe (that one), es (this), selbst (himself).
The demonstrative pronouns der, die, das are used in the nominative, dative and accusative cases as an independent subject or object, they refer to a previously mentioned member of a sentence or to the following complex sentence:
Monday, 02 Apr 2012Pronouns (local) in German
As part of speech places. serves to replace a noun, proper name or adjective in a sentence without naming them.
There are 9 main groups of pronouns in German. This:
Places in German, a word or part of speech that points to an object, but does not name it. The main function of the pronoun is to prevent long repetitions of nouns (or proper names) several times. The most frequently used places. in German are lich. places. (Personal pronomen).
Thursday, 29 Mar 2012In German, there is only one reflexive (return) pronoun (local) - sich. Moreover, the form sich itself is used exclusively in the third person and in the infinitive, and in the first and second persons the corresponding personal places are used. in the accusative:
