What is a counting rhyme? What are counting rhymes for? This unknown genre "Counting rhymes In Grushevsky counting rhyme genre works

01.10.2021

Budget educational institution

secondary educational institution

Vologda region

"Sokol Pedagogical College"

Test

subject: Children's literature with a workshop on expressive reading

Topic: "Literary rhymes"

Performed:

Ekimovskaya Galina Vasilievna

Introduction

1. The history of the appearance of the rhyme

2. The meaning of counting rhymes

3. Classification of counting rhymes

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Clouds, clouds, clouds, clouds, A big, mighty horse gallops. Through the clouds he jumps, Who does not believe - get out.

Of all the variety of genres and forms of children's oral folk art, rhymes have the most enviable fate. By the strength of the aesthetic impact on the guys, they do not know their equal.

It is customary to call counting tables short rhymed verses used by children to determine roles in the game. The main feature of the counting rhyme is a clear rhythm, the ability to shout all the words separately.

Rhyming rhymes are a way of realizing objective justice, invented for children from time immemorial. As if fate itself, and not the authority of an adult, controls the distribution of roles. Competition in the tale of counting rhymes develops children's memory, teaches children's artistry, and the work itself is well performed, and in an atmosphere of children's romantic passion for the game, it gives pleasure, develops a sense of rhythm necessary in song, dance, work.

The sound organization of counting rhymes captivates with its beauty, makes an unforgettable impression.

But first, let's find out what counting rhymes are and what role they play in the lives of children.

1. The history of the appearance of the rhyme

A rhyme is a genre of oral folk art. It originated in ancient times. In those days, many types of work were not only very difficult, but also life-threatening. But someone still had to do this dangerous work. Whom to appoint? Who will do the dangerous work? It was then that they came up with a way to distribute work - a rhyme.

The counting room was used in real life, and therefore it is not an independent literary genre, but an applied one, since it has a practical life task - to help distribute work.

In those distant times, people, not being able to explain the laws of nature, were afraid of it and therefore attributed human qualities to nature - to do good or evil to people. People believed that animals understood human speech, and when going hunting, they were afraid to use ordinary words: what if the beast would hear and find out what people were going to do. Therefore, hunters invented special "secret" words that replaced ordinary words. These words could also be included in the text of the counting rhymes. Now such counting rhymes seem meaningless to us:

counting rhyme speech education artistic

Azi, dwazi, nrisi, zizi,

Fifth, mint, noise, room,

Oak, cross.

So in ancient times, the counting rhyme played a serious role. And it was a serious role also because people then believed in the power of the word, and the counting rhyme was close to the spell.

Later, when human life changed, when people stopped being afraid of nature, then the counting rhyme turned into a children's game and began to help children distribute roles in the game so that everyone would have fun and not offend anyone. The change in the role of the rhyme led to the emergence of new, already "children's" rhymes:

Over the seas, over the mountains,

Behind the iron pillars

On a hillock - a teremok,

There is a lock on the doors.

You go for the key

And open the lock.

And now it is difficult for us to understand which counting rhymes came to us from ancient times, and which ones - recently. Moreover, they live in oral creativity, which means they change, new options appear.

2. The meaning of counting rhymes

A child from the moment of his birth develops not just quickly, but very quickly. But this development should go with the help of parents. It is parental support that is important in the process of laying the foundation of a future personality.

Therefore, since ancient times, in the course of centuries of practice, various auxiliary methods have been developed for the development of speech, motor skills, attention and coordination (although then they did not know such words). Many techniques have been forgotten, and some are successfully used by modern moms and dads.

One of these aids in the development of thinking and speech are ordinary counting rhymes for children. They only seem very simple and primitive at first sight of an adult, but for little ones it is an extremely effective and, most importantly, affordable way to develop thinking. The child will not only begin to take the first steps in mastering the account and begin to learn numbers, but will also be able to find out that the world around him is not a monolith, huge and whole, but has a more complex structure and consists of many separate independent parts. Reading books allow you to take the first step in a fun way to the formation of analytical abilities in the knowledge of the big world around him.

It is the counting rhymes that can be confidently attributed to the best games that develop the thinking of little kids.

Using the rather limited vocabulary of the child, on the basis of basic words and images, the parent begins to form and develop the thinking of his child, allowing him to more confidently navigate the environment around the child and more clearly communicate his desires and needs to others. In addition, the vocabulary of a small person is enriched, which has a positive effect on communication with parents and relatives. Even quite a bit, but regularly, after working out, you can see positive changes in the behavior of your baby. The counting rhymes have a rhyming structure, which is best suited for memorization, thereby developing the child's memory. By increasing the arsenal of counting rhymes, you can quickly and successfully advance in learning.

Rhymes are often accompanied by various manipulations and actions (use of improvised objects, toys, pictures, child's fingers, etc.), which shows a complex learning process. The child begins to understand the connection of words with objects, actions and consequences of actions. It is these constructions, even if they cause a smile and a mocking look in an adult, that will allow the child to successfully build his behavior in the surrounding space, increasing and complicating mental images and constructions with each lesson.

3. Classification of counting rhymes

Considering various ways of classifying counting rhymes, G.S. Vinogradov divides them into three groups: counters - numbers, abstruse counters and counters - substitutions.

Rhymes - numbers include works containing counting words, abstruse counting words and equivalents of numerals. For example:

First, the other

Under the arc;

Three four,

jumped over;

Five six,

Beat wool;

Seven eight,

We carry hay;

Nine ten,

Weigh money;

Eleven twelve,

They fight on the street.

The abstruse include works that are wholly or partially woven from abstruse. For example:

En-bens,

ricky-fucky,

Torba-orba,

Deus-deus,

casmateus,

Substitution counting rhymes include works that do not contain either countable or abstruse words. For example:

Ivan, give me a glass,

cut the lemon

And get out.

The classification of rhymes given by M.N. Melnikov. On the basis of the unity of the elements of the poetic form, primarily the composition, abstruse rhymes, plot and cumulative, were singled out. The compositional construction of abstruse rhymes is based on the sound-rhythmic principle; at the heart of plot - narrative or dramatic development of the plot; cumulative counting rhymes are a combination of sometimes heterogeneous images without apparent logical necessity.

For example, abstruse counting rhymes:

Aven-pvusen,

Shin, stump,

Shirvarven.

Avsen-pausen

Story counts:

white bunny

I went to the forest to eat mushrooms,

plucked grass,

Put it on the bench

Who will lift it

That one will come out.

Cumulative counters:

Shishel, mouse,

This one came out.

Dad mom,

Toad - tsap!

Children substitute the index finger of one hand under the palm of the leader. On the last word, the leader quickly squeezes his hand into a fist, whose finger he grabbed, he leads, but the children must quickly remove their fingers.

In a child's life, different types of rhymes interact with each other. He is pleased with zaum as a play of sounds, but at the same time, children are happy to perceive the plot of the rhyme. For example:

Eniki-beniki

Ate dumplings,

Eniki-Beniki-Clops.

Came out on deck

Fast sailor.

4. The value of counting rhymes in children's games

Folk games have always been distinguished by a lot of fun and diverse movements. But in fact, folk games also have a fairly strict order, which consists in coordinated, joint actions, moreover, on a previously agreed and accepted condition. A significant part of the folk game were also counting rhymes. What is a counter? This is the simplest form of counting, which is expressed in a rhythmic rhyme. Why did they arise?

First of all, the score made it easier to decide who should drive in the game. Because among the children there has always been a lot of controversy on the topic of who to drive. And counting rhymes have simplified this action. In any modern courtyard, there are counting rhymes that are familiar to every kid from childhood.

Rhyming rhymes can be not only absolutely meaningless, but also carry a more specific meaning of what was said. This kind of folk art and folklore genre was constantly subject to various studies. Experts in this field made the final conclusions that the rhymes, first of all, were associated with some pagan customs, as well as the beliefs of our ancestors in various natural phenomena. As you know, every nation of antiquity had its own prohibitions. Thus, a special language was formed, that is, a secret one, for example, as a system of counting.

In those distant and ancient times, the counting rhyme was not a specific game. It was created by people who believed in the power of counting and numbers and applied it to every area of life. Each counting rhyme that has survived to the present is distinguished by its fairly clear rhythm and expressive words. In addition, the counting rhyme is able to be picked up by children very quickly and memorized. If earlier the folk children's game was an independent fun, and the counting rhyme was only its application, then at present, even a separate counting rhyme can become a special center of children's attention, just another game that brings fun and pleasure.

Knowledge of the rhyme also contributes to the emergence of a certain plot of the new game. For example, children can take some characters from a rhyme and apply their roles to themselves. Children's folklore, expressed in counting rhymes, is the most vibrant and rich phenomenon that has ever belonged to Russian modern culture. Here, at the same time, ancient forms that were invented by the people many centuries ago, and completely new ones, born in our days, can exist.

5. Synopsis of the GCD in the educational field "Speech development"

Integration of educational areas: "Artistic and aesthetic development", "physical development", "social and communicative development".

Types of children's activities: play, communication, music

Purpose: to teach to listen and memorize small folklore works, to develop attention, memory, auditory perception; to form speech skills, develop intonational expressiveness of speech; cultivate interest and love for the artistic word.

Materials and equipment: a magic wand, a tambourine, a chest, a mask or a “cat” headband.

Progress and guidance:

Educator:

I see you guys are all in a good mood today.

I suggest you play. For the game, we need to choose a leader. I see that everyone wants to be a leader. How do we choose a leader? I think that a rhyme will help us choose a leader.

Do you know counters? Who wants to tell their rhyme? Everyone wants? I have a magic wand. You will pass the wand to each other. While the tambourine is playing, the stick is walking. To whom she gets, he will read the rhyme.

Well done, what interesting counters you will find out.

I also know the count. Do you want to listen?

The cat was walking on the bench,

Handed out pins.

Walked on the benches

Handed out pennies:

Some are ten, some are five.

Come out and look for you.

Who is the counting about? (about a cat)

What do we affectionately call it? (cat)

Where did he go? (the cat walked along the bench)

What did he distribute? (handing out pins)

Where else did he go? (he walked along the benches)

What did you distribute? (handing out pennies)

How many kopecks? (some ten, some five)

What did the cat say? (come out looking for you)

Fun counting? Do you want to learn it?

I'll tell you again, and you try to remember.

The cat was walking on the bench,

Handed out pins.

Walked on the benches

Handed out pennies:

Some are ten, some are five.

Come out and look for you.

Now let's play with the rhyme a little. The game is called "Orchestra". Do we have our tools with us? What will we do first? Okay, let's repeat the first lines of their burst.

The cat walked along the benches, (clap hands)

I walked along the benches, (clap on the knees).

Handed out pennies:

What are we going to do now? Let's sink.

Some are ten, some are five.

Come out, you look for (stomp). Well done.

Now let's sit on the carpet and play the Quiet-Loud game. When the palms are open, you will say the rhyme loudly - loudly; and when I squeeze my palm into a fist, you will speak softly.

Well done, let's pat ourselves (the game is played 2 times). Tired of sitting? Do you want to run? Now the boys will stand around the girls, when I hit the tambourine, the boys will run, and the girls will loudly tell a counting rhyme: when I hit again, the girls will run around the boys, and the boys will continue to count loudly in a circle. Started! (the task is performed 2 times).

And now we will stand in 2 circles: boys and girls. The boys will tell the rhyme in a low voice, like bears, and the girls in a thin voice, like bunnies and bears.

One, two, three, four, five.

All in a big circle again.

Remember the counting? Let's check. Now we will count by phrases.

The cat was walking on the bench,

Handed out pins (children).

Walked on the benches

He handed out pennies (children).

Who is ten, who is five,

Come out, you look for (children).

Well done! Who will tell the rhyme from beginning to end?

Well done guys know a lot of counting rhymes.

Thus, the modern teacher assigns the game an extremely important role in the formation of a person, considers it a kind of school of life. Games not only develop dexterity and ingenuity, but also teach to obey generally accepted rules: after all, any game takes place according to predetermined conditions. The game also establishes the relationship of co-creation and voluntary submission to the game roles. The authoritative here is the one who knows how to follow the rules accepted by all, does not bring chaos and confusion into children's lives. All this is working out the rules of behavior in the future adult life.

Who does not remember the counting rhymes of his childhood: “White hare, where did you run?” “Eniki, beniks, ate dumplings….” - etc. The very possibility of playing with words is attractive to children. This is the genre in which they are most active as creators, often bringing new elements to ready-made rhymes.

In the works of this genre, nursery rhymes, pestles, and sometimes elements of adult folklore are often used. And today you can hear very old, only slightly modern texts from playing children.

G.S. Vinogradov called the rhymes of counting rhymes tender, perky, a true decoration from reading-room poetry. The rhyme is often a chain of rhyming couplets. The methods of rhyming here are the most diverse: paired, cross, ring. But the main organizing principle of the counting rhyme is the rhythm. A rhyme - a rhyme often resembles the incoherent speech of an agitated, offended or amazed by something child, so that the apparent incoherence or meaninglessness of the rhymes is psychologically explainable. Thus, the rhyme both in form and in content reflects the psychological characteristics of age.

Rhyming rhymes mainly have a game function, i.e. in this case, the distribution of roles. They also play a role in the communicative activity of children (the counting rhyme teaches children to adhere to the rules of the game, because it chooses the driver fairly, without deception. Therefore, it helps to develop such qualities as honesty and camaraderie.). Since the rhyme is a rhyming work, it has a psycho-physiological effect on the child, develops memory and a sense of rhythm.

Today, counting rhymes remain very popular, their content is enriched, poetics is being improved.

Bibliography

1. Stepanenkova E.Ya. Theory and methods of physical education and development of the child: Proc. allowance for students. higher ped. textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2001. - 368 p. pp. 78-81.

2. Arzamastseva I.N. Children's literature. - M., 2007

3. Kuznetsova. N.I., Meshcheryakova M.I., Arzamastseva I.N. Children's writers. Handbook for teachers and parents. - M., 1995

4. Literature and fantasy. Comp. L. Streltsova. - M., 1992

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Rhymes

Basic concepts: definition, origin of counting rhymes, connection of counting rhymes with other forms: conspiracy, game, ritual; originality of the draw; classification of rhymes, points of view, problems of abstruse rhymes; features of counting rhymes: the process of word creation, structure, rhythmization, metric system, the role of repetitions, the originality of syntax, the use of the form of dialogue, appeals, rhetorical questions; word creation in the counting rhyme and literature (comparative characteristics).

Definition. The counting room has always had a practical character, it was used in children's games to establish a queue and select persons who play a particular role. Therefore, the researchers attribute it to the game folklore along with the lottery sentences, silence.

According to one of the dictionary definitions, counting rhymes are “verbal forms, most often poetic (rhyming) works of a predominantly humorous nature, with the help of which the order in the game is determined, its leaders or participants are elected” (Sl., p. 342). In the counting rhyme, the score is the rhythmic basis of the work, the chanting determines the correctness of the count, and the violation of the rhythm is an indicator of an incorrect draw.

The name "counting" is used more often than others, but there are other definitions. P.V. Shane called such works rhymes of lots. M.N. Melnikov cites folk names: counters, counting, readings, recounting, talkers.

Since counting rhymes are used along with drawing lots or collusions (conspiracies), it becomes necessary to define this form. The forms of the draw were very diverse, most often they were carried out with the help of rhymed verses. G.S. Vinogradov, who published a selection of such texts, proposed the name "drawing lots" for them. In modern science, the term "cold plots", introduced by M.N. Melnikov.

During the game of rounders, gorodki, hide-and-seek or hide-and-seek, the players are divided into two parties, each of the players encrypts his name and then, choosing a pair, approaches the leaders (“wombs”), the strongest and most dexterous players. They must choose a member of their team, guided by the following sentence:

black horse

Or a remote Cossack?

Fox in flowers

Or a bear in your pants?

Uncle Fedya

Or a polar bear?

As a subject of choice, both living and inanimate objects endowed with unusual qualities (definitions), plants, song characters are offered.

Sometimes the choice was made according to the nature of the action:

Fell from the bell tower

Ali supported?

Skiing from Tomsk

Ali from Irbit on belts?

What do you need - to cut hay or cut firewood?

A black horse or a golden saddle?

Did you get lost on the stove or drowned in a spoon?

Tes break or steal money?

The guessing process was based on antithesis, different objects, concepts or phenomena were compared; The “womb” must not only choose, but also guess who is “hiding” behind this designation. Intonation served as a hint. Depending on the choice of the leader, the players move away in one direction or another.

According to G.S. Vinogradov (they are also confirmed by M.N. Melnikov), the largest number of traditional texts is associated with the image of a horse. They offer to make a choice between a horse and a golden tarantass, a golden collar, and between activities - “feed the horse” or “stove to heat”. The horse occupies one of the central places in ancient pagan rituals. He is the personification of light, prowess, strength, fire.

The materials of ethnographers testify to the antiquity of such draw formulas. The drawing of lots was part of the initiation ritual. When candidates for initiation into society get together, they agree on secret names under which they will participate in the ceremony. As a rule, this name becomes the name of the patron spirit or tribal totem. In the future, when performing the rite, the participant should be addressed only by this name. The name that he bore in childhood no longer exists, because after the initiation, the candidate receives a new name - already as a full member of the tribe.

Construction of the draw traditionally, it consists of an appeal and a question. The appeal can be simple (Uterus, uterus, // Oak or tooth?) Or complex (expanded into a separate quatrain):

uterus, uterus,

Damn blades!

Barrel with bacon

Or a Cossack with a dagger?

(March., No. 1241.)

The semantic fullness of the draw was noted by a number of researchers. G.S. Vinogradov wrote that there is no such "compression of the elements of speech into an extremely tight form" in other genres of children's folklore. Analyzing the collusion

With a swing under the shirt

Or running under the cart?

the researcher comes to the following conclusion: “the laconism of the figurative language of colloquialisms can be compared with the small forms of Russian folklore: proverbs and sayings. It is no coincidence that proverbs and sayings sometimes act as drawing lots: “Chest in crosses or head in bushes?”, “A louse on a lasso or a flea on a chain?”

Draw features. The expressiveness of the drawing of lots, according to A.N. Martynov, distinguishes them from counting rhymes, "which are pronounced, as a rule, inexpressively, monotonously."

Origin of counting rhymes. Rhyming rhymes appeared thanks to ritual and everyday practice. The custom of ritual recounting of objects is known among most primitive peoples. During the calculation, lucky and unlucky numbers were highlighted, the result of the calculation was kept secret. Here is an example of a ritual rhyme recorded in the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the 19th century:

There is a hau tree in Kohala,

Not one tree, many trees

And seven, from which canoes are built.

The first how is the balancer of the canoe,

The second how is a canoe mowing,

The third how is the hull of the canoe,

Fourth how - canoe lining

The fifth how is the stern of the canoe,

The sixth hau is the mast of the canoe,

The seventh hau is the sail of the canoe.

If you name another one, live

If you don't name it, you will die.

A similar text related to divination is given by I.P. Sakharov: “Four or more girls sit on the floor in a circle. Each of them puts two fingers on their neighbors' knees. Then the eldest begins to pronounce quickly:

First-born, friends,

Tryntsy, Volyntsy,

Popov ladies,

Chicken, get out.

As she says each of these words, she points to one of the outstretched fingers. On which the word will get - “throw it out”, that one is thrown out. The above game is used during divination for a close marriage.

These texts confirm the conclusion of V.P. Anikina about the connection between counting rhymes and belief in numbers: “The habit of counting comes from the everyday life of adults. Before real, non-gaming cases ... it was the rule to resort to lottery and counting ”(Anik., Mladench., p. 15).

Rhymes can be regarded as a way of preserving sacred information in time, since as a result of its application, the one who will play a special role in the game is revealed. For this reason, G.S. Vinogradov brought together counting rhymes with fortune-telling, since the choice in them does not depend on reasonable calculation, but on chance, on the will of fate. Hence the name used by children and adolescents in the Kuytunsky district - "fortune teller", in the Barnaul district the counting rhyme is called "little fortune teller".

The English researcher of children's folklore G. Bett, on the basis of a comparison of extensive English material and records made from other peoples, comes to the conclusion that "numerical songs reflected the steps that mankind has passed, learning to count."

In the course of development, the rhyme genre has experienced various influences. G.S. Vinogradov believes that the most significant was the impact of book poetry. But all book texts strongly adapted to the children's environment, "taking on a different look, a different look," although the function of the rhymes remained unchanged.

The researcher showed that the reflection of reality in counting rhymes does not occur on the basis of random associations, but as a result of a peculiar understanding of what is happening.

In parallel with the development of education, abstruse rhymes spread. Educational institutions where foreign languages were taught became a breeding ground for the emergence, existence and transmission of such texts. “Latin words penetrated the counting rhymes of European peoples primarily under the influence of school and university teaching of Latin and from the Catholic service perceived by ear,” the researcher believes. Therefore, such words of sacred vocabulary as “deus”, “dominus” appeared in the vocabulary, the word “grammars” was often mentioned in the rhymes themselves. E.A. Kostyukhin even speaks of the hypnotic effect of abstruse language.

The noted two plans of vocabulary related to the service and the actual educational process are found in the counting rhymes of European schoolchildren. D. Simonides compares the texts of the German and Polish rhymes, noting some lexical coincidences:

Figgi faggi dominus,

du bist hier und bist duss

Edydy, medydy, cycymer

Afel, bafer, dominer

Al zgot, wryna wrot

Aja, baja, myka, wun.

Some texts were recorded from the end of the 19th century and throughout the 20th century among all Slavic peoples, in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

The first recordings of counting rhymes date back to the 18th century; researchers did not immediately separate the counting rhyme from the game and saw in it an independent form of oral folk art. Already in the 19th century, A.N. Martynov, counting rhymes had no analogies in adult folklore.

Today, counting rhymes significantly prevail over other genres and forms of children's folklore in terms of the number of entries. They are found in almost all nations.

In terms of the number of options, the first place among the counting rhymes is occupied by "Pervinchiki-druginchiki" and "Pervodan, drugodan".

Primary friends,

Pigeons flew

By God's dew

On the pop lane.

There are goliks, nuts,

Honey, sugar -

Get out, little one.

Pervodan -

Drugodan,

Guessed four

Sexton boat,

Pigeon leg.

Prelo, burned

Flew over the sea

Church across the sea

The village of Kulikovo.

Get out.

Solomin

whistle

ring

buzzed ka

Feature of counting rhymes is the utmost conciseness and conciseness, they practically do not contain a plot basis, presenting a list of items or a description of the order of counting. The desire for expressiveness and dimensionality of the verse determines the use of repetitions, dialogic form, and simple syntax.

Rhymes help to learn more lines of poetry and, therefore, contribute to the development of memory. In addition to the cognitive function, they also carry aesthetic and ethical functions. Children learn to speak correctly and to highlight the necessary parts of the poem with their voice. Usually, the right to pronounce the rhyme is given to the player who will not deceive his partners and will accurately and consistently count.

The order of pronunciation of the rhyme next: the children participating in the game stand in a circle or in a row, one of the children stands in the middle and pronounces, chanting, a counting rhyme, touching the hand in turn to those participating in the game with each word or syllable struck; the one on whom the last syllable or word fell is considered to be retired - freed from the lot; gradually drop out and others, who left last - is considered chosen. Depending on the conditions of the game, the first eliminated is sometimes chosen.

The nature of the performance of the rhyme, believes M.N. Melnikov testifies to their song and choral performance. At one time, P.A. Bessonov wrote that the children “would form a circle and sing a song; on whom the last word falls from the song, that is to keep his turn. They sing together, and one, who is older, points his finger along the row.

The study. Russian counting rhymes were introduced into scientific circulation gradually. The first generalizing work should be considered the monograph by G.S. Vinogradov "Russian children's folklore". Book. I. (Irkutsk, 1930). It published 553 texts of rhymes with variants. Of the publications of recent years, the collection "Russian Children's Folklore of Karelia" stands out. Comp. CM. Leuter (Petrozavodsk, 1991).

Classification G.S. Vinogradov is based on a dictionary feature: there are counting rhymes, abstruse rhymes and replacement rhymes.

The first group includes works containing counter words - quantitative and ordinal numbers:

One, two, three, four, five / The boys went out to play.

The mobility of the classification is visible in the use of the equivalents of numerals (Pervenchiki, drugenchiki / Pigeons flew) or "bewildered" numerals (Azy, dvaza, triza, riza, heel, lata, tuni, muni, tupa, ukrest).

Considering the originality of such counting rhymes, O.I. Kapitsa suggested referring them to "abstruse counting rhymes", thus designating a word-building game with numbers: "Pervodan, drugodan, guessed four", "Pirvoshka, friend", "Razi, dvazi, trizi", "Odiyan, drugiyan", etc. .

A.P. Toporkov shows the similarity of the process that took place in the same way in different places among different peoples. One option

Eni, benny, ricky, fakie,

Turba, Urba, Sintabryaki,

Daewoo, Daewoo, Krasnodew, Bam.

And the other in the Belarusian village:

Eni-beni, ricky-taki,

Shorba-urba, septembers,

Deus, deus, shahmadaws - Bam.

Children often remake texts known to them, simplifying and adapting them to a specific audience; the noted property can be considered a feature of rhymes. “They have no conceptual meaning, all interest lies in the sound side of words. In counting rhymes, the phonetic side of the word is, as it were, exposed, giving children satisfaction with extraordinary sound combinations.

Eniki-Beniks,

si wheel,

Eniki-Beniks,

Ana-duna-zhes,

Kinda-rinda-cut,

Ana-duna-slave,

Kinda-rinda-toad.

Ober, baber,

ober-baber,

Obviously, to create a rhythm, words or individual syllables are selected that allow you to fill in the voids, to give the phrase a finished look. Let us give an example of a counting rhyme from the collection of A.N. Martynova, where the introduced sounds or rows of zaumi and counter words literally allow you to transform the text:

- Where are you going?

- To the market.

- For oats.

Changed dialog looks different

Sinti-brinti - where are you going?

Sinti-brinti - to the market.

Synth-brinty - what's up?

Sinti-brinti - for oats.

Sinti-brinti - who are you?

Sinti-brinti - I'm a horse.

Traditionally, the counting rhyme is played from one to ten. But the words denoting the score were usually modified: they rearranged the syllables, added new ones, it turned out: azi, dvazi, trizi, easy, heels, lats, noise, ruba, oak, cross. G.S. Vinogradov tried to decipher some of the meanings: times (one) - azi, anzi, aziki, knapsacks, reason, razim; two - dvazi, dvantsy, dvantsik; the first - pervenchiki, perveliki, primary; the other - friends, friends, friends.

In abstruse counting rhymes there are words that are incomprehensible to those who pronounce, but interesting in sound. Among them there are many foreign words. The following counter is interesting:

Anki shingles

Fufti-grace

Gramatok

Kislovrota

Shara-vara

In the above text, nitrogen and oxygen are used in the form of abstruse words. Rhyming rhymes from an unfamiliar language are adopted, distorted and become the basis for creating new rhymes. Moreover, in one children's environment, the counting rhyme is understandable and filled with meaning, in another it is perceived and used as abstruse.

Sometimes this process can be traced. So, in the Arkhangelsk province the following rhyme is recorded:

A tsendil

A similar rhyme, with minor deviations, was also recorded from Jewish children in the city of Orsha, Mogilev province:

A centzel

Pomergol

Puterclatz.

Transferred to Pomorye, she attracted children with her unusual words for them.

An interesting example is given by O.I. Kapitsa: “As a child, I passed it in Tiflis, during the game, we, the children, used the Georgian rhyme, which I still remember, but the meaning of which is still unknown to me”:

sanam shuri

Samshuraki

Beats of the storm

Bambukheri

Vorantis.

In a rhyme recorded in the Kotelnichesky district of the Vyatka province in 1927, we find, apparently, a distorted Georgian rhyme:

Atum-batum

Chumchuemum atambukh

Bambahira vom taz

Evening hour on the mountain.

A rhyme is known, the variants of which are recorded in the Tver, Pskov, Novgorod provinces:

The soldiers were walking

to the market,

What did you buy

Rhymes of foreign origin are perceived as "abstruse", a small number of texts have a certain semantic meaning.

Researchers have found that some, at first glance, incomprehensible words and phrases in Western European counting rhymes (for example, in French) are comic alterations of words and formulas of Latin prayers.

Many European peoples have a counting rhyme according to the recount model:

One, two buckle my shoe

Three, four - open the door.

The German text comes close to it:

Unus duiis rabbes (One, two, rabbi)

Quartum quintum sabes (Four, five, Saturday).

When the counting rhyme moved into a foreign language environment, the Latin words changed, the Hebrew word shabes (Saturday) turned into the Russian toad, and the text began to be perceived as abstruse.

The abundance of abstruse rhymes led O.I. Kapitz to the conclusion that in counting rhymes there is a tendency "to give ordinary words an abstruse form." G.S. Vinogradov agreed with her, but emphasized that "word-images are gradually replacing absurdity in counting rhymes."

The third type of counting rhymes is designated by G.S. Vinogradov as substitution counters. There are no numerals or abstruse words in them. The presence of a plot allows some researchers to call them "plot counting rhymes":

Wonderful three-story house,

Upstairs, a brave whistle,

How the horn buzzes

All the people run to him.

(March., 346.)

Probably, replacement counting rhymes appeared later than other varieties.

O.I. Kapitsa gives an example in which the signs of different groups are combined:

Chikulai in Moscow

On Mikhailovka

chiku chiku chiku

Chiku-chiku-flare!

ein zwein drain

Lead, lmde lay!

Eye sideways

not far

Another feature is the basis for the classification of G.A. Bartashevich, distinguishing plot and plotless counting rhymes.

M.N. Melnikov, following his predecessors, also notes other qualities of rhymes: “At the heart of the compositional construction of abstruse rhymes lies the sound-rhythmic principle, plot ones - narrative or dramatic development of the plot, cumulative ones - accumulation, combining sometimes heterogeneous images without apparent logical necessity" (Melnik., p. 135).

A kind of plot counting rhymes M.N. Melnikov considers a form based on dialogue and built by "repeating sound combinations at certain intervals":

Soldiers were walking

To the market.

– What did you buy?

- Samovar.

- What is the price?

- Three rubles.

Aty, baty - there were soldiers,

Aty, bati - to the market.

Aty, bati - what did you buy?

Aty, baty - samovar.

Aty, bati - how much does it cost?

Aty, baht - three rubles.

Although there are few such texts, the researcher believes that the repetitive scales that carry the main compositional load (imitation of the sounds of the balalaika is enhanced by the construction of a rhyme: “Tsyntsy-bryntsy, balalaika”) attract children and contribute to the spread of texts. Indirect speech is practically not used.

The structure of the rhyme. Traditionally, a counting rhyme consists of an appeal, the main part, a question or appeal, and an ending.

Linguist V.E. Orel pointed out that the beginning of the counting rhyme "ene beni" or "eniki benik" has close parallels in German counting rhymes, they also begin with the words: "Enige benige", "Ennege, bennege". In medieval Germany, texts similar to modern counting rhymes were pronounced by landsknechts when playing dice. Beginnings like "eniki beniks" can go back to the Middle, High German "eines bein (es) doppelte", i.e. "one (single) bone doubled." From Western Europe to Russia, the counting rhyme could get through Poland or with German or Jewish settlers (there are similar forms in Yiddish).

Development of action in a counting rhyme predetermined by a specific plot or, on the contrary, arises due to the combination of individual pictures or words-images.

The above rhymes consist of separate sentences in which the connection between words is preserved. Another type of counting rhyme consists of meaningful words that are not related to each other, except for consonance.

Usually in counting rhymes, a two-syllable foot with a choreic size is common. One or two numbers rhyme with single words or sentences.

Three four,

hitched;

Five six,

Hay to weigh;

Seven eight,

We mow hay;

Nine ten,

Weigh money;

Eleven twelve,

Scolding on the street

They quarrel in the hut. (XLIX)

One, two - buckle my shoes.

Three, four - open the door.

Five, six - pick up stick.

Seven, eight - lay then straight.

Nine, ten - a good fat hen.

Eleven, twelve - I hope you're well.

Other counting rhymes begin with a line counting up to four or five:

One two three four,

Midges lived in the apartment.

A friend came to them

The cross is a big spider.

Five, six, seven, eight

We will ask the spider:

"You glutton do not go."

Come on, Mishenka, drive.

The well-known counting rhymes begin in a similar way: “One, two, three, four, five, the bunny went out for a walk” and “One, two, three, four, they taught me to read and write.” Note that there are numerous variants of this rhyme, G.S. Vinogradov cites 24 variants from his collection.

For comparison, we give a German rhyme with the same beginning:

Eins, zwei, drei, fier,

Auf dem Clavier,

Steth ein glas Bier,

Steth ein glas Wein,

Denn du zolst es sein.

Some rhymes end with a question, to which the participant must answer with an arbitrary number, after which the corresponding number of children is counted in order, the last one leaves.

A man was driving along the road

Broke a wheel on the doorstep

Around the garden

Who raised it

That governor -

Warlord's son.

Vanya was driving from Kazan,

One and a half hundred rubles sleigh,

Twenty-five rubles arc.

The boy is the girl's servant.

You, servant, give the carriage -

I will sit in it and go.

The metric system of counting rhymes is subject to conversational rhythm, so the trochee is the most common size, although there are iambic, dactyl, anapaest, and even amphibrachs. The oral existence of counting rhymes determines the division of the verse depending on the rhythm, syntactic pauses also indicate the count.

The rhyme is pronounced monotonously, measuredly, the rhythm plays a special role in it. “... Violation of it nowhere has such consequences as in counting rhymes: the discovery of a broken rhythm nullifies the performance of the work, makes it necessary to re-pronounce it.” The last shock stop indicates who will drive.

Usually, counting rhymes consist of rhyming couplets. M.N. Melnikov notes: “The most common are quatrains, six-line, eight-line. There are three-line, five-line, seven-line and longer ones, but much less frequently. There are also unrhymed verses. They are more often used in couplets and tertiary lines. The most diverse rhymes are used: paired, cross, covering, etc. Almost all counting texts give a combination of male and female rhymes, dactylic is very rare. There is no definite alternation of rhyme” (p. 139).

Vocabulary of counting rhymes has a special meaning, it indicates their origin, it contains words associated with a direct and veiled account.

Children easily use words from various areas, including, in particular, a variety of terms. They often produce “countless alterations of words, move words within a phrase, change stresses, allow the introduction of zaumi and zauminization of words” (Melnik., p. 137). Often there are substitutions of words, instead of "carriage" appears "rocket":

…Send me a rocket.

And I'll sit down and go.

I will go to Leningrad

for the October parade.

There is a modification of the well-known formula

One, two, three, four, five

went out into space for a walk.

Obviously, verbal transmission occurred over time. You can also talk about the mobility of the lexical composition and constant replacements.

Word creation in counting rhymes obeys certain patterns. They are especially characterized by paired rhyming words: ricky-peaks, clatter-clappers, aber-faber etc. There are also combinations of sounds that formally coincide with ordinary words: peaks, wedge, pancake, pockmarked, toad.

It is natural that verbal experiments lead to a comic speech effect - "For the cherem, for the pregnant, for the old, for Pyotr Petrovich, Yegorych, the coward."

Rhymes are full of nouns, verbs and interjections, other parts of speech are much less common. The location of parts of speech is predetermined by the form of counting rhymes, focus on the account: the predicate is often placed in front of the subject ("The flies lived in the apartment"), refers to the end of the phrase ("You, hostess, do not yawn // Just collect money) or omitted ("One, the other - collar with an arc"). We also note the presence of impersonal sentences - proximity to fortune-telling according to G.S. Vinogradov (“One, two, three, four - they taught me to read and write”).

Rhymes similar With other forms, there are ordinary songs and jokes that are used as counting rhymes. They often use elements of fairy tales, riddles, proverbs, songs, children's satire. Following G.S. Vinogradov M.N. Melnikov believed that counting rhymes were borrowed primarily from maternal poetry - pestles, nursery rhymes, lullabies. From the game sentence:

Oh, you are a dawn-dawn -

morning dawn,

and who will sleep through the dawn,

I quilt that.

Ditties could become the basis of counting rhymes:

Wait, Vanya get married

your hut is falling down;

get the first hut

then bring the bride.

The use of some rhymes is considered mandatory for the distribution of roles in the game. So, in the Porkhov district of the Pskov province, when playing "Fox", the following rhyme is pronounced:

Pivrashka, friend

Troshka, volshka,

Tyadun, lyadun.

Tokan, rohan,

Dikin, throw it out.

Rhythm:

Shishel came out

With jug

takes three out of the game at once, those on whom the words fall: “out”, “out” and “with a jug”.

Today, counting rhymes remain the most popular genre of children's folklore. They are constantly evolving, enriched by new realities.

This text is an introductory piece.

Rhymes

Definition . The counting room has always had a practical character, it was used in children's games to establish a queue and select persons who play a particular role. Therefore, the researchers attribute it to the game folklore along with the lottery sentences, silence.

A black horse Or a daring Cossack? Fox in flowers

Or a bear in your pants? Uncle Fedya Or a polar bear?

As a subject of choice, both living and inanimate objects endowed with unusual qualities (definitions), plants, song characters are offered.

Sometimes the choice was made according to the nature of the action:

103 This term is close to the English "counting-out rhymes" and the German "aus-zahlreime" - names indicating the element of counting in this kind of children's

F. S. Kapitsa, T. M. Kolyadich. "Russian children's folklore: study guide"

Did Ali fall from the bell tower? Skiing from Tomsk

Ali from Irbit on belts?

What do you need - to cut hay or cut firewood? A black horse or a golden saddle?

Did you get lost on the stove or drowned in a spoon? Tes to break or steal money?104

Construction of the draw traditionally, it consists of an appeal and a question. The appeal can be simple (Uterus, uterus, // Oak or tooth?) Or complex (expanded into a separate quatrain):

Uterus, uterus, Damn shoulder blades! Barrel with bacon

Or a Cossack with a dagger?

(March., No. 1241.)

With a swing under a shirt Or with a running start under a cart?

104 Molotilov X. The dialect of the Russian old-timer population of the northern Baraba (Tomsk province) // Proceedings of Tomsk, obshch. scientific

Siberia. - Tomsk, 1913. - V.1. – P.14.

105 See Howitt A. The native tribes of southeast Australia. – L.. 1904. – P.156.

F. S. Kapitsa, T. M. Kolyadich. "Russian children's folklore: study guide"

the researcher comes to the following conclusion: “the laconism of the figurative language of colloquialisms can be compared with the small forms of Russian folklore: proverbs and sayings. It is no coincidence that proverbs and sayings sometimes act as drawings of lots: “Chest in crosses or head in bushes?”, “A louse on a lasso or a flea on a chain?”106

Draw features. The expressiveness of the drawing of lots, according to A.N. Martynov, distinguishes them from counting rhymes, "which are pronounced, as a rule, inexpressively, monotonously."

Origin of counting rhymes. Rhyming rhymes appeared thanks to ritual and everyday practice. The custom of ritual recounting of objects is known among most primitive peoples. During the calculation, lucky and unlucky numbers were highlighted, the result of the calculation was kept secret. Here is an example of a ritual rhyme recorded in the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the 19th century:

There is a hau tree in Kohala, Not just one tree, many trees,

And seven, from which canoes are built. The first how is the canoe balancer, the second how is the canoe stalk, the third how is the canoe hull, the fourth how is the canoe trim, the fifth how is the canoe stern, the sixth how is the canoe mast, the seventh how is the canoe sail. If you name one more, live; if you don't name it, you will die107.

Firstborns, friends, Tryntsy, Volhynians, Popov Ladyns, Tsyken, vyken.

As she says each of these words, she points to one of the outstretched fingers. On which the word will get - “throw it out”, that one is thrown out”108. The above game is used during divination for a close marriage.

Rhymes can be regarded as a way of preserving sacred information in time, since as a result of its application, the one who will be performed is revealed.

106 Vinogradov G.S. Russian children's folklore: Game preludes. - Irkutsk 1930. - P.114.

107 FomanderA. Hawaiian antiquites and folklore. - Honolulu, 1916. - P. 164.

108 Sakharov I.P. Songs of the Russian people. Part IV. - SPb-, 1839. - S. 145.

F. S. Kapitsa, T. M. Kolyadich. "Russian children's folklore: study guide"

take on a special role in the game. For this reason, G.S. Vinogradov brought together counting rhymes with fortune-telling, since the choice in them does not depend on reasonable calculation, but on chance, on the will of fate. Hence the name used by children and adolescents in the Kuytunsky district - "fortune teller", in the Barnaul district the counting rhyme is called "little fortune teller".

The English researcher of children's folklore G. Bett, on the basis of a comparison of extensive English material and records made by other peoples, comes to the conclusion that "number songs reflected the stages that mankind passed, learning to count"109.

109 Bett H. Nursery rhymes and tales. Their origin and history. - London, 1924. - P. 245-246.

The fact that the counting rhyme is an oral folk art is not a secret for anyone.

But where did these rhymes come from and what were they used for earlier, why are they needed now? Let's start from the very beginning.

The history of the appearance of children's counting rhymes

It is believed that such a folk genre appeared in ancient times. And initially it was not intended for children at all, but for adults who needed to perform some kind of dangerous or very hard work.

In order not to force anyone by force, various counting rhymes were invented. They were a kind of way of dividing responsibilities.

There is another version, according to which these rhymed small verses were used in divination, divination. In each of them there is a mandatory account.

In those distant times, people were very superstitious, and everything that was associated with the account was considered forbidden.

It was impossible to count the game caught during the hunt, so that the owner of the forest did not find out about the death of his inhabitants and did not worry about them. It is believed that it was in such cases that counters were used.

In them, the account could be replaced by some meaningless at first glance words. Different nations expressed this in their own way, but this idea is very clearly traced in the oral work of each of them.

Let's invent it ourselves, counting rhymes invented by children

Rhyming rhymes are a folk fiction, presented in the form of a small rhyme, it is more correct to call them Russian folk rhymes. Ancient people had many different ideas associated with them.

But those times have long since sunk into oblivion, and today children themselves come up with new counting rhymes and use them for games. Sometimes they turn out to be very funny.

With their help, they set the order when performing any actions, in games or when distributing any tasks. Over time, the counting rhyme completely turned into a children's game, and it has survived to this day.

And the fact that she changed her appointment led to the emergence of new, namely children's counting rhymes. Children are very fond of inventing such rhymes themselves, and so more and more new, already truly children's rhymes appear.

Children's counting rhymes today

These short rhyming rhymes have always been fashionable. They have not lost their popularity even today. Rhyming rhymes for preschool children were also used in games.

With their help, kids can choose a leader in games and do it fairly, without deception. After all, on whom the counting meter stops, he will drive.

They are aimed at developing in them such necessary feelings in modern society as honesty and friendship. They have a good developmental value, since children have to memorize them, which contributes to the development of memory, improves the sense of rhythm, attentiveness.

With the help of a counting rhyme, it is possible to involve the little man in any game and teach him to concentrate on its various moments. Yes, and just learn by heart an interesting rhyme.

After reading any mischievous rhyme, even an adult is ready to take off and run away, especially children do it with great pleasure.

Counting for children. Needed or not?

Today there is a lot of controversy surrounding these rhymes. Do they need children or just clog their memory.

And of course the answer is unequivocal - yes.

After all, the counting rhyme not only allows you to distribute roles, it is necessary for the full development of the baby.

All parents use them, they begin to tell counting rhymes to their little crumbs when he is just starting to learn to speak.

These rhyming rhymes become the very first verses learned by heart. They allow you to introduce a child to such a mathematical operation as counting, not a single person on earth can do without it.

As a rule, when memorizing counting rhymes, various movements are performed that contribute to the development of coordination and motor skills in children. And there are counting rhymes that teach counting.

It is easier for a baby to learn numbers by repeating them in a funny nursery rhyme. Each such rhyme is a string of images that contribute to the development of creative thinking and imagination in a child.

Many different images appear in thoughts when any of them are repeated. For the most part, these are fairy-tale characters or funny and cute animals.

Expert opinion

Psychologists believe that when making a choice with the help of such a rhyme, children touch each participant in the game, which helps to establish friendly and trusting relationships in the team. The more counts the kid knows, the more chances he has to become a leader in the game, and later in the whole team.

By participating in mobile and role-playing games, he learns to compare his desires with generally accepted rules, this allows him to learn to find compromises and obey the laws of society.

There is another variety - these are counting rhymes in foreign languages. They allow the child to learn a new language for him in a playful way, which leads to very good results. Learning them by heart allows you to memorize unfamiliar words without making much effort.

They have a special place in modern preschool institutions. After all, this is the easiest and fastest way not only to teach children how to count, but also to attract their attention, teach the elementary rules of behavior in a team, and help choose a leader.

The smallest

For the smallest, the counting rhyme is a good helper in the development of speech. After all, they are all written in a playful way, which is most understandable and close to the child. The main thing in it is not even the content and meaning itself, but the rhythm. It allows the baby to clearly and rhythmically pronounce all the words.

By learning such a counting rhyme with him, you train his memory, rhythm, and fantasy. It is very good to introduce the little man to counting rhymes while playing hide and seek. The most famous counting rhyme for all children is from this game: It is remembered not only by children, but by every adult.

There are many different counting rhymes that you can learn with your baby, developing along with this not only memory, but also motor skills. When you, telling this or that rhyme, ask the baby to hide the handles, if he does not have time to hide them, then he should drive.

Preservation of traditions

It is believed that oral folk art is gradually becoming obsolete, being replaced by computers and tablets that have replaced everything and even books for children. But in fact, this is a completely wrong judgment.

Modern children not only did not forget the old counting rhymes, but in the new rhymes they were able to preserve all their properties. And no matter where the child lives, if he speaks Russian, he will definitely know a lot of these rhyming rhymes.

Their most important advantage is the variability and mobility of the text itself. There are many reasons why the counting rhyme has remained to this day and has been able to withstand the onslaught of books and computers.

One of them is that adults simply were not interested in these seemingly completely useless rhymes.

If you think logically, then in fact there is nothing necessary in them. However, this is an incorrect judgment. They contribute to the development of speech and motor skills in toddlers, develop a sense of camaraderie, justice in older children and remind adults of childhood.

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Introduction

Clouds, clouds, clouds, clouds, A big, mighty horse gallops. Through the clouds he jumps, Who does not believe - get out.

Of all the variety of genres and forms of children's oral folk art, rhymes have the most enviable fate. By the strength of the aesthetic impact on the guys, they do not know their equal.

The sound organization of counting rhymes captivates with its beauty, makes an unforgettable impression.

But first, let's find out what counting rhymes are and what role they play in the lives of children.

The history of the appearance of the counting rhyme

The counting room was used in real life, and therefore it is not an independent literary genre, but an applied one, since it has a practical life task - to help distribute work.

counting rhyme speech education artistic

Azi, dwazi, nrisi, zizi,

Fifth, mint, noise, room,

Oak, cross.

So in ancient times, the counting rhyme played a serious role. And it was a serious role also because people then believed in the power of the word, and the counting rhyme was close to the spell.

Over the seas, over the mountains,

Behind the iron pillars

On a hillock - a teremok,

There is a lock on the doors.

You go for the key

And open the lock.

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