I. A. Bunin, "Cold Autumn": analysis of the work. "Cold autumn Cold autumn meaning of the title of the story

The stories of Ivan Bunin have always been distinguished by their penetrating and peculiar subtlety of narration. This work is a story of a woman who describes her life. In particular, she describes one evening in her youth when she felt almost happy and lived every moment vividly.

The plot of the story is simple - the main character tells about the beginning of the First World War and about a significant evening that will forever remain in her memory. Then she talks about what happened next, about deprivation, about death, about migration. But, summing up a certain result of her life, she always returns to the cold autumn of the 14th year. Then her whole family was alive, and feelings with the now deceased groom only flared up. The composition of the story is based on the fact that the story returns to the past.

In the story, all the characters are not spelled out in great detail. It is known that a girl in love with a future soldier has a father and mother, many relatives. Also later, after the death of the latter, a grumpy Moscow merchant appears, a new husband, a girl who forgets the kindness of a woman. All these chaotic events, faces were and have passed. But it seems that only that cold autumn evening, the beloved groom and parents remain in the heart of the heroine.

The attitude of the writer to this woman is paternally warm. He understands her thoughts, her pain. He knows that the war and revolution broke the personal happiness of many, and writes this very story about one of the victims.
Bunin uses figurative and expressive means. Among them are epithets - “early”, “cold” - reflecting autumn, personification - “the windows of the house shine”, metaphors - “boughs showered with stars”. All means create a special, soft atmosphere in the work. The love of a girl and her fiancé, the silence of a beautiful evening, the twinkling of stars, eternity...

This is a story - a memory. Remembrance through the dream of a lifetime, as the heroine herself put it in the text. Dear heart nostalgia lives in her memory and heart forever. Ivan Bunin has such a subtle understanding of the mental organization of people. In particular, this work of his is profound from a psychological point of view. Small in size, the story absorbs the tragedy of one tender soul. Her simple happiness was stolen by the confrontation of powers and the arms race. But how many of those who just want to live in peace and appreciate every moment of life, as the heroine appreciated that cool autumn evening.

Analysis of the work Cold Autumn Bunin

A work called "Cold Autumn" was written by Bunin in 1944 in May. It is also included in the author's cycle "Dark Alleys". The plot of the work is quite voluminous and significant.

Genre of the work: story. Although this is just a story, it contains so much information, as well as emotions, that it could be considered a whole novel. In the story itself, the events seem to stretch for as much as thirty years. If we briefly describe the events that take place in the plot itself, it becomes clear that the two main characters fall in love, after which, naturally, they want to get married and live together, raise children and create a strong family. But one event interferes, which spoils the beautiful picture of a close-knit family and the love of heroes. After all, the fact is that war was declared. Which means the main character, the guy, will have to go to war. And before that, when no one suspects anything yet, an important event takes place for the young - an engagement that coincides with her father's name day. At the very moment when the engagement is announced, war is declared. This means that a joyful event will have to be postponed.

Bunin shows how bitter the girl is, and the guy too. But both hold on, not showing their disappointment and fear of the upcoming events. In addition, the author in the story itself does not name his heroes in any way. And this is quite usual for this author, because he considers it important not the very name of the main or secondary heroes, but the very essence and thought invested in this work. Also, there are no portrait characteristics at all, which also characterizes Bunin as a writer. He simply describes the events, and the reader himself sees from the actions of the characters what they are like as a person. It is always interesting, because reading between the lines develops a person, giving him the opportunity to learn to understand people.

Bunin was able to describe his heroes as very realistic people, he did not add any too colorful details to their descriptions or to the plot itself. Everything looks very natural and realistic, which is perceived well. But in his work there are many beautiful, almost insignificant in appearance, details, which, nevertheless, make the story very interesting and colorful in emotions. For example: “eyes shining with tears”, “glasses”, “cigarettes” and others. It is to these details, as it sometimes seems, that even too much attention is given than to the heroes themselves in their description, which is very sparing.

If you still try to describe the main characters, you can still find, after reading only the whole story, that the guy is smart, delicate and very brave. His girlfriend is also smart and beautiful. In addition, both are very proud, and do not show their feelings too much, especially in public.

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Ivan Bunin's story "Cold Autumn" can be grasped at a glance, like a picture, and at the same time, its meaning is deeper than a simple description. Why does the hero quote only the first stanza of the poem? Why does the heroine remember a single evening for thirty years? We bring to your attention the experience of a careful reading of the story "Cold Autumn".

Feral children - human children who grew up in conditions of extreme social isolation - without contact with people from an early age - and experienced little care and love from another person, had no experience of social behavior and communication. Such children, abandoned by their parents, are raised by animals or live in isolation.

If children had some social behavior skills before isolation from society, the process of their rehabilitation is much easier. Those who lived in the animal society for the first 3.5-6 years of their lives practically cannot master the human language, walk straight, communicate meaningfully with other people, despite the years spent later in the society of people, where they received enough care. This once again shows how important the first years of his life are for the development of the child.

These children are not human. If a person has not spoken before the age of six, then he is unlikely to speak. That is, who we are is a product of our culture, and culture is what we remember.

A person can not always formulate what he thought. There are “thoughts” or emotions when you later read about it and say that you thought so, but could not formulate it. In fact, it was a “thought-child”, there was no adult thought yet. And literature and art help to find a form for this thought.

Memory in relation to a person is not an exact word, especially now, when the word is firmly connected with memory a computer. When a person memorizes something, assimilates information, then the memory changes him, and the computer does not change from what is entered into its memory.

Many great writers thought about memory. For example, V.V. Nabokov in "Memory, Speak" Camus also gives occasion for deep reflection. The hero of his work "The Outsider" has been in solitary confinement in prison for quite a long time. This is what he felt after a certain time:

“Yes, I had to endure some troubles, but I was not very unhappy. The most important thing, I will say again, was to kill time. But since I learned to remember, I have not been bored. Sometimes I remembered my bedroom: I imagined how I went out of one corner and, having passed through the room, came back; I went over in my mind everything that I met on my way. In the beginning, I got over it quickly. But each time the journey took more and more time. I remembered not only a cabinet, a table or a shelf, but all the things that were there, and I drew each thing for myself in every detail: color and material, inlay pattern, crack, jagged edge. He tried his best not to lose the thread of his inventory, not to forget a single item. After a few weeks, I could spend hours describing everything that was in my bedroom. The more I thought about it, the more forgotten or neglected things popped up in my memory. And then I realized that a person who lived in the world for at least one day could easily spend a hundred years in prison. He would have enough memories to not be bored. In a way, it was beneficial."

A. Camus. "Outsider"

In the story "Cold Autumn" one can just see the process of forming thought and memory. The protagonist quotes Fet's poems:

“Dressing in the hallway, he continued to think something, with a sweet smile he remembered Fet’s poems:

What a cold autumn!

Put on your shawl and hood...

I don't remember, it seems like this:

Look - between the blackening pines

As if the fire rises ... "

I.A. Bunin. "Cold fall"

He helps his future wife to make the last evening of their meeting so bright and strong that at the end of her life she says:

“But, remembering everything that I have experienced since then, I always ask myself: yes, but what did happen in my life? And I answer myself: only that cold autumn evening. Has he ever been? Still, there was. And that's all that was in my life - the rest is an unnecessary dream.

I.A. Bunin. "Cold fall"

Remember the beginning of the piece:

“In June of that year, he visited us on the estate - he was always considered our man: his late father was a friend and neighbor of my father. On June 15, Ferdinand was killed in Sarajevo. On the morning of the sixteenth they brought newspapers from the post office. Father left the office with a Moscow evening newspaper in his hands into the dining room, where he, mother and I were still sitting at the tea table, and said:

- Well, my friends, war! Austrian crown prince killed in Sarajevo. This is war!

On Peter's Day, a lot of people came to us - it was my father's name day - and at dinner he was announced as my fiance. But on the nineteenth of July, Germany declared war on Russia...

In September, he came to us for just a day - to say goodbye before leaving for the front (everyone then thought that the war would end soon, and our wedding was postponed until spring). And then came our farewell party. After supper, as usual, a samovar was served, and, looking at the windows fogged up from its steam, the father said:

- Surprisingly early and cold autumn!

We sat quietly that evening, only occasionally exchanging insignificant words, exaggeratedly calm, hiding our secret thoughts and feelings. With feigned simplicity, my father said about autumn. I went to the balcony door and wiped the glass with a handkerchief: in the garden, in the black sky, pure ice stars sparkled brightly and sharply..

I.A. Bunin. "Cold fall"

This is a story about how poetry helps to see the beauty of the world, how they create a mood, how they help to live through difficult moments.

The main character is a very talented person, he knows how to see and live what is needed. Note that he only quotes the first stanza of Fet's poem. Perhaps, he remembered the second stanza, but quoted the first. Because it is felt that his beloved has not yet unfolded as a person, has not had time to fall in love, she is still only in anticipation of the emotions that she will have. He understands that she is not yet ready for this love. He saw her coldness, non-involvement in the present moment. Therefore, he quotes only the first stanza. The second one goes like this:

"Shine of the northern night

I remember always near you

And phosphorescent eyes shine,

They just don't warm me up."

The hero, feeling his chosen one, recalls the second stanza, but, as a delicate person, he quotes the first. He anticipates that he will be her only one, he does not need to rush. For their happiness, even his love is enough. In her coldness, he is able to see the beauty.

Bunin has wonderful poems:

We always remember happiness

And happiness is everywhere. Maybe it

This autumn garden behind the barn

And clean air pouring through the window.

In the bottomless sky with a light white edge

Rise, the cloud shines. For a long time

I follow him ... We see little, we know

And happiness is given only to those who know.

The window is open. She squeaked and sat down

A bird on the windowsill. And from books

I look away tired for a moment.

The day is getting dark, the sky is empty,

The hum of the threshing machine is heard in the threshing floor...

I see, I hear, I am happy. Everything is in me.

I.A. Bunin. "Evening"

The hero of the story understands how to feel happiness, enjoy it.

The heroine says a banal thing, and he guesses her thoughts from this banality:

“I thought: “What if the truth is killed? And will I really forget it in some short time - after all, everything is eventually forgotten? And hastily answered, frightened by her thought:

- Do not say that! I won't survive your death!

After a pause, he spoke slowly:

- Well, if they kill you, I'll wait for you there. You live, rejoice in the world, then come to me.

I.A. Bunin. "Cold fall"

The fact that someone will not survive someone's death is usually said when they do not want to communicate on this important topic for the interlocutor. For example, a person knows that he is mortally ill and says that he will die soon. He wants to talk about this topic, even though it is difficult. And often loved ones leave this conversation, despite the fact that it is their support that is needed.

In the story, we see that, due to her youth, the heroine does not know how to talk about this topic. Then she herself says that she survived the loss and lived on. She had a long life, but he was the only one for her - this evening. And this evening was decorated by the hero himself with his quote, by what he said:

“- Look how very special, in autumn, the windows of the house shine. I will be alive, I will always remember this evening ... "

I.A. Bunin. "Cold fall"

Pay attention to the poetry of his phrase.

If we imagine that he would not have turned out to be such a person, would not have quoted Fet, would not have expressed feelings in verse, then this evening would not have remained in her memory for the rest of her life. This example clearly shows how important literature is, how it helps.

Bunin, like his heroine, died in exile.

Bunin was very upset by what happened to Russia. Probably, before his death, he dreamed of joining her there, who was killed in wars:

“How can we forget the Motherland? Can a person forget his homeland? She is in the soul. I am a very Russian person. It doesn't disappear over the years."

I.A. Bunin

motherland

Under a leaden sky

Gloomy winter day fades,

And there is no end to the pine forests,

And far from the villages.

One mist is milky blue,

Like someone's mild sorrow,

Above this snowy desert

Softens the gloomy distance.

I.A. Bunin

Note that there are no names of the characters in the story. There is only the name of Duke Ferdinand. Truly close people live for us without a name, we do not need to name them. They just occupy some part of us.

It is worth noting that the main word in the story is soul. You can even catch a reference to Pushkin's Tatyana:

“Tatyana stood in front of the windows,

Breathing on cold glass

Thinking my soul

Written with a lovely finger

On a foggy window

Treasured monogram O yes E.

A.S. Pushkin. "Eugene Onegin"

And about what happened to the main character that evening in the cold autumn, Bunin clearly says in his other story:

“However, there was no one, and I stood, trembling with excitement and listening to the small, sleepy babble of aspens. Then I sat down on a damp bench ... I was still waiting for something, sometimes I glanced quickly into the dusk of dawn ... And for a long time a close and elusive breath of happiness was felt around me - that terrible and great that at one time or another meets all of us on the threshold of life . It suddenly touched me - and, perhaps, did exactly what it needed to do: touch and leave. I remember that all those tender words that were in my soul finally brought tears to my eyes. Leaning against the trunk of a damp poplar, I caught, like someone’s consolation, the faintly arising and fading babble of leaves and was happy with my soundless tears ... "

I.A. Bunin. "Dawn all night"

The story "Cold Autumn" teaches attention to the world, the ability to see the important in what surrounds us. But he himself requires careful reading. When an author writes a work and quotes other authors in it, he implies that the reader knows the cited work in full. In the age of the internet, it's pretty easy to find out exactly what an author was quoting, whenever they wrote it.

This story teaches a careful and careful attitude to one's life. Because what happens to a person turns into his memories and changes him, makes him a different person.

The most detailed description of the properties of memory is in the famous work of Proust, in which memories, the ability to remember, are put in one of the first places:

“Suddenly the memory came alive. It was the taste of a piece of biscuit, which in Combray every Sunday morning (on Sundays I did not leave the house before Mass) treated me, soaked in tea or lime blossom, Aunt Leonie, when I came to greet her. The very sight of a biscuit awakened nothing in me until I had tasted it; perhaps because I later often saw this cake on the shelves of pastry shops, but did not eat it, its image left Combray and merged with more recent impressions; perhaps because not a single one of the memories that fell out of memory a long time ago was resurrected, they all crumbled; the forms—including the shell-cakes, which aroused keenly sensuous perception with each of their austere and pious folds—died out or, immersed in sleep, lost the ability to spread, thanks to which they could reach consciousness. But when there was nothing left of the distant past, when living beings died out, and things collapsed, only the smell and taste, more fragile, but more tenacious, more immaterial, more resistant, more reliable, for a long time, like the souls of the dead, remind of for themselves, they hope, they wait, and they, these barely perceptible crumbs, among the ruins carry, without bending, a huge building of remembrance.

M. Proust. "Toward Swann"

Sometimes a memory tries to emerge in memory, but it does not work out, and some little thing helps to remember everything at once.

Before us is the story "Cold Autumn" by Bunin. After reading it, you understand once again: only a genius can convey so deeply and penetratingly what is beyond the limits of the human mind and perception. It would seem that a simple story, where there is he, she, mutual feelings, then war, death, wanderings. Russia in the 20th century experienced more than one war, and millions of people experienced similar tragedies, but... There is always the word “but”, which is not something that denies, but rather reminds of the uniqueness of the feelings and experiences of each person. No wonder the work “Cold Autumn” is included in the cycle of stories by I. A. Bunin “Dark Alleys”, in which the author repeated himself more than thirty times: he wrote, in fact, about the same thing - about love, but each time in different ways.

The eternal theme in the writer's work

Contains the story "Cold Autumn" (Bunin) analysis of the eternal theme: the fate of each individual person is the answer to the question, A person lives his own love story from birth to death, and gives his answer. This is true, because he paid the highest price for this - his life. Can we use this experience? Yes and no... It can give us strength, inspiration, strengthen our faith in love, but the Universe expects something completely new, unique, incomprehensible from us, so that future generations will be inspired by our stories. It turns out that love is the infinity of life, where there was no beginning and there will be no end.

"Cold Autumn", Bunin: content

“In June of that year, he stayed with us at the estate ...” - the story begins with these words, and the reader involuntarily gets the impression that he has in front of him a certain passage from the diary, torn out somewhere in the middle. This is one of the features of this work. The main character, on behalf of whom the story is being told, begins her story with a farewell meeting with her lover. We do not know anything about their past relationship, about when and how their love began. In fact, we are already facing a denouement: the lovers and their parents have agreed on an imminent wedding, and the future is seen in bright colors, but ... But the heroine's father brings a newspaper with sad news: Ferdinand, the Austrian crown prince, was killed in Sarajevo, which means war inevitable, the separation of young people is inevitable, and the denouement is still far away.

September. He came just for one evening to say goodbye before leaving for the front. The evening passed surprisingly quietly, without unnecessary phrases, without special feelings and emotions. Everyone tried to hide what was going on inside: fear, longing and endless sadness. She walked absentmindedly to the window and looked out into the garden. There, in the black sky, ice stars sparkled coldly and sharply. Mom carefully sewed up a silk pouch. Everyone knew that there was a golden icon inside, which once served as a talisman at the front for grandfather and great-grandfather. It was touching and creepy. Soon the parents went to bed.

Left alone, they sat for a while in the dining room, and then decided to take a walk. It became cold outside. My heart was getting heavier... The air was completely winter. This evening, this cold autumn will forever remain in their memory. He did not know how his fate would turn out, but he hoped that she would not immediately forget him if he died. The most important thing is that she should live, rejoice, and live a happy life, and he will definitely be waiting for her there ... She wept bitterly. She was afraid both for him and for herself: what if he really would not be, and one day she would forget him, because everything has its end ...

He left early in the morning. They stood for a long time and looked after him. “Killed him—what a strange word! - in a month, in Galicia "- here it is the denouement, which fit in one single sentence. The epilogue is the next thirty years - an endless series of events that, on the one hand, were important, significant, and on the other ... The death of parents, revolution, poverty, marriage to an elderly retired military man, escape from Russia, another death - the death of her husband , and then his nephew and his wife, wandering all over Europe with their little daughter. What was it all about? The main character sums up and answers herself: only that distant, already barely distinguishable cold autumn evening, and everything else is an unnecessary dream.

Analysis of "Cold Autumn" by Bunin I.A.

Time. What it is? We are accustomed to giving a designation to everything: hours, minutes, days. We divide life into the past and the future, trying to do everything in time and not miss the main thing. And what is the main thing? Analysis of "Cold Autumn" by Bunin I.A. showed how the author conveyed the conventionality of the existing world order. Space and time take on other forms and are painted in completely different tones in the human soul. The description of the last autumn evening in their lives takes up most of the work, while thirty years of life is just one paragraph. During dinner in the dining room, together with the main character, we feel subtle sighs, notice every tilt of the head, see the endlessly changing of all those present, and imperceptibly the understanding comes to us that all these seemingly insignificant details are the most important.

A detailed description of the dining room with windows fogged up from the samovar, a hot lamp over the table in the first part of the story is contrasted with an endless list of cities and countries that our heroine had to visit: the Czech Republic, Turkey, Bulgaria, Belgium, Serbia, Paris, Nice ... From a small and of a cozy and tender home breathes warmth and happiness, while from the famous Europe with “boxes from a chocolate shop in satin paper with gold cords” - dullness and indifference.

Continuing the analysis of "Cold Autumn" by Bunin I.A., I would like to dwell on the "secret psychologism", which is used by the writer to convey the inner experiences of the main characters. The farewell meeting has its own face and wrong side: the external indifference, feigned simplicity and absent-mindedness of the main characters hide their inner turmoil and fear of the future. Minor phrases are spoken aloud, exaggeratedly calm words, notes of indifference sound in the voice, but behind all this one feels growing excitement and depth of feelings. From this it becomes "touching and creepy", "sad and good" ...

Finishing the analysis of "Cold Autumn" by Bunin I.A., let's pay attention to one more important detail. There are not so many characters in the story: the hero and the heroine, parents, husband, his nephew with his wife and little daughter... But who are they? Not a single name has been given. Although at the very beginning the name of the crown prince sounds - Ferdinand, whose murder became a pretext for and led to the described tragedy. Thus, the author is trying to convey that the tragic fate of the main characters is both exceptional and typical, because war is a universal tragedy that rarely bypasses anyone.

Meshcheryakova Nadezhda.

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Analysis of the story by I. A. Bunin "Cold Autumn".

Before us is the story of I. A. Bunin, which, among his other works, has become classical Russian literature.

The writer turns to ordinary, at first glance, types of human characters, so that through them, their experiences reveal the tragedy of an entire era. The comprehensiveness and accuracy of each word, phrase (characteristic features of Bunin's stories) manifested itself especially clearly in the story "Cold Autumn". The name is ambiguous: on the one hand, the time of the year when the events of the story unfolded is quite specifically called, but in a figurative sense, “cold autumn”, like “Clean Monday”, is a period of time, the most important in the life of heroes, this is also a state of mind.

The story is told from the perspective of the main character.

The historical framework of the story is wide: they cover the events of the First World War, and the revolution that followed it, and the post-revolutionary years. All this fell to the lot of the heroine - a blooming girl at the beginning of the story and an old woman close to death at the end. Before us are her memoirs, similar to a generalizing life outcome. From the very beginning, events of world significance are closely connected with the personal fate of the characters: “war breaks into the sphere of“ peace ”. “... at dinner, he was announced as my fiancé. But on July 19 Germany declared war on Russia…”. The heroes, anticipating trouble, but not realizing its true scale, still live in a peaceful regime - calm both internally and externally. “Father left the office and cheerfully announced: “Well, my friends, war! Austrian crown prince killed in Sarajevo! This is war! - so the war entered the life of Russian families in the hot summer of 1914. But here comes the "cold autumn" - and before us it seems that the same, but in fact already different people. Bunin talks about their inner world with the help of dialogues that play a particularly important role in the first part of the work. Behind all the on-duty phrases, remarks about the weather, about “autumn”, there is a second meaning, subtext, unspoken pain. They say one thing - they think about another, they say only for the sake of maintaining a conversation. Quite Chekhov's technique - the so-called "undercurrent". And the fact that the distraction of the father, the diligence of the mother (like a drowning man clutching at a straw for a “silk bag”), the indifference of the heroine are feigned, the reader understands even without a direct explanation of the author: “only occasionally they exchanged insignificant words, exaggeratedly calm, hiding their secret thoughts and the senses". Over tea, anxiety grows in the souls of people, already a clear and inevitable premonition of a thunderstorm; the same “fire rises” - the ghost of war looms ahead. In the face of adversity, secrecy increases tenfold: “My heart was getting harder, I responded indifferently.” The harder it is inside, the more indifferent the heroes become outwardly, avoiding explanations, as if it is easier for them all, until the fatal words are spoken, then the danger is more vague, the hope is brighter. It is no coincidence that the hero turns to the past, the nostalgic notes of “The Times of Our Grandparents” sound. The heroes yearn for a peaceful time, when they can put on a “shawl and a hood” and, embracing, take a calm walk after tea. Now this life is collapsing, and the heroes are desperately trying to keep at least an impression, a memory of him, quoting Fet. They notice how the windows “shine” in an autumnal way, how “mineral” the stars shine (these expressions acquire a metaphorical coloring). And we see what a huge role the spoken word plays. Until the groom performed the fatal "If they kill me." The heroine did not fully understand the full horror of what was to come. “And the stone word fell” (A. Akhmatova). But, frightened, even by a thought, she drives her away - after all, her beloved is still there. Bunin, with the precision of a psychologist, exposes the souls of the characters with the help of replicas.

As always with Bunin, nature plays an important role. Starting with the name "Cold Autumn" dominates the narrative, the refrain sounds in the words of the characters. The “joyful, sunny, sparkling frost” morning contrasts with the internal state of people. Mercilessly "bright and sharp" sparkle "ice stars". How the stars "shine eyes." Nature helps to feel more deeply the drama of human hearts. From the very beginning, the reader already knows that the hero will die, because everything around points to this - and above all the cold - a harbinger of death. "Are you cold?" - asks the hero, and then, without any transition: "If they kill me, will you ... not immediately forget me?" He is still alive, and the bride is already blowing cold. Premonitions - from there, from another world. “I will be alive, I will always remember this evening,” he says, and the heroine, as if she already knows what she will have to remember, is why she remembers the smallest details: “Swiss cape”, “black branches”, head tilt ...

The fact that the main character traits of the hero are generosity, disinterestedness and courage is indicated by his remark, similar to a poetic line, sounding heartfelt and touching, but without any pathos: “Live, rejoice in the world.”

And the heroine? Without any emotions, sentimental lamentations and sobs, she tells her story. But not callousness, but fortitude, courage and nobility are hidden behind this secrecy. We see the subtlety of feelings from the scene of separation - something that makes her related to Natasha Rostova, when she was waiting for Prince Andrei. Narrative sentences predominate in her story, scrupulously, to the smallest detail, she describes the main evening of her life. Doesn't say, "I cried," but notes that the friend said, "How the eyes are shining." He talks about misfortunes without pity for himself. Describes the "sleek hands", "silver nails", "golden laces" of his pupil with bitter irony, but without any malice. In her character, the pride of an emigrant coexists with resignation to fate - are these not traits of the author himself? A lot of things coincide in their lives: the revolution fell to his lot, which he could not accept, and Nice, which could never replace Russia. The French girl shows the features of the younger generation, a generation without a homeland. Having chosen several characters, Bunin reflected the great tragedy of Russia. Thousands of elegant ladies who have turned into "women in bast shoes." And "people of a rare, beautiful soul" who put on "worn Cossack zipuns" and lowered "black beards." So gradually, following the “ring, cross, fur collar” people lost their country, and the country lost its color and pride. The ring composition of the story closes the circle of the heroine's life: it's time for her to "go", to return. The story begins with a description of the “autumn evening”, ends with a recollection of it, and the sad phrase sounds like a refrain: “You live, rejoice in the world, then come to me.” We suddenly find out that the heroine lived only one evening in her life - that very cold autumn evening. And it becomes clear why, in fact, in such a dry, hurried, indifferent tone, she told about everything that happened after - after all, it was all just an “unnecessary dream”. The soul died along with that evening, and the woman looks at the remaining years as if they were someone else’s life, “as with the soul they look from a height at the body they abandoned” (F. Tyutchev). According to Bunin, true love - love - a flash, love - a moment - triumphs in this story. Bunin's love constantly breaks off at the most seemingly bright and joyful note. Circumstances interfere with her - sometimes tragic, as in the story "Cold Autumn". I recall the story "Rusya", where the hero really lived for only one summer. And circumstances intervene not by chance - they "stop the moment" until love is vulgarized, died, so that the memory of the heroine retains "not a plate, not a crucifix", but the same "shining gaze", full of "love and youth", so that life-affirming beginning, "hot faith" was preserved.

Fet's poem runs through the whole story - the same technique as in the story "Dark Alleys".

Review of Bunin's story "Cold Autumn" from the cycle "Dark Alleys". Ivan Bunin wrote this cycle in exile when he was seventy years old. Despite the fact that Bunin spent a long time in exile, the writer did not lose the sharpness of the Russian language. This can be seen in this series of stories. All stories are devoted to love, only in each of them the author showed different facets of love. In this cycle there is love, both as a carnal attraction and as a sublime feeling. Compositionally, the story "Cold Autumn" is divided into two parts. Before and after the death of the main character's lover. The line dividing the story and the life of the heroine into two parts is drawn very clearly and precisely. The heroine talks about her past in such a way that it seems to the reader that all events are taking place at the present moment. This illusion arises from the fact that the author describes everything in such small details that a whole picture appears before the reader's eyes, having form, color and sound. The story "Cold Autumn", in my opinion, can be called historical, although the story in this story has been changed. In the first part of the story, events develop rapidly, reaching the climax of the story. On June 15, the crown prince was killed, on Peter's day at dinner, he was declared the fiance of the main character, and on July 19, Germany declared war ... In my opinion, it was no coincidence that the author put ellipsis in this place. He is declared a groom and immediately an idyll of a happy family life is drawn in the reader's head, but in the next phrase war is declared. And all dreams and hopes are shattered in an instant. Further, the author focuses on the farewell party. He was called to the front. In September, he comes to say goodbye before leaving. This evening the father of the bride says: - Surprisingly early and cold autumn! This phrase is pronounced as a statement of fact. At the end of the story, the heroine will say that that cold autumn, that autumn evening is all that she had in her life. This evening is described in great detail, every action of the heroes is described.

The story "cold autumn" was written by I.A. Bunin in 1944. This is a difficult time for the world as a whole. There is a second world war. She greatly influenced Bunin's life. He, already in exile from the USSR in France, was forced to leave Paris, as German troops entered it.

The action of the story begins at the beginning of the First World War, in which Russia was drawn into European intrigues. Betrothed because of the war, the family collapses. He goes to war. And from their love they have only one autumn evening left. This is the evening of farewell. He dies in the war. After the death of her parents, she sells the remnants of property in the market, where she meets an elderly retired military man, whom she marries and with whom she travels to the Kuban. They lived in the Kuban and on the Don for two years and during a hurricane they escape to Turkey. Her husband dies on the ship from typhus. She had only three close people: her husband's nephew, his wife and their seven-month-old daughter. The nephew and his wife went missing after leaving for the Crimea. And she was left with the girl in her arms. It follows Bunin's emigration route (Constantinople-Sofia-Belgrade-Paris). The girl grows up and stays in Paris. The main character moves to Nice, located not far from Bunin's place of residence during the Nazi occupation of France. She realizes that her life has passed "like an unnecessary dream." All life except for the autumn evening saying goodbye to your loved one. This evening is all that was in her life. And she feels that she will soon die and thus be reunited with him.

Love can be so powerful that the death of a loved one devastates the lover's life. And this is tantamount to death in life.

In this story, one can hear a protest against the war, as a weapon of mass murder of people and as the most terrible phenomenon of life. In "Cold Autumn" Bunin draws an analogy of the main character with herself. He himself lived in a foreign land for more than thirty years. And under the conditions of fascist occupation, Bunin wrote "Dark Alleys" - a story about love.

Question #26

The theme of nature in the lyrics of F.I. Tyutchev and A.A. Feta

A. A. Fet- a representative of "pure art" or "art for art's sake". In Russian poetry it is difficult to find a poet more "major" than he is. The poet relied on the philosophy of Schopenhauer - a philosopher who denied the role of reason, art is an unconscious creativity, a gift from God, the artist's goal is beauty. Beautiful is nature and love, philosophical reflections about them. Nature and love are the main themes of Fet's lyrics.

The poem "I came to you with greetings ..." became a kind of poetic manifesto by Fet. Three poetic subjects - nature, love and song - are closely interconnected, penetrate each other, forming Fetov's universe of beauty. Using the method of personification, Fet animates nature, she lives with him: “the forest has woken up”, “the sun has risen”. And the lyrical hero is full of thirst for love and creativity.

Fet's impressions of the world around him are conveyed by vivid images "A bonfire blazes with a bright sun in the forest ...":

A bonfire blazes with the bright sun in the forest,

And, shrinking, the juniper cracks;

Like drunken giants, a crowded choir,

Flushed, the spruce tree staggers.

One gets the impression that a hurricane is raging in the forest, swaying mighty trees, but then one becomes more and more convinced that the night depicted in the poem is quiet and windless. It turns out that it's just the glare from the fire that gives the impression that the trees are staggering. But it was this first impression, and not the giant firs themselves, that the poet sought to capture.

Fet consciously depicts not the object itself, but the impression that this object makes. He is not interested in details and details, is not attracted to motionless, finished forms, he seeks to convey the variability of nature, the movement of the human soul:

Every bush buzzed with bees,

Happiness weighed on the heart,

I trembled so that from timid lips

Your confession did not fly off ...

He is helped to solve this creative task by peculiar visual means: not a clear line, but blurry contours, not color contrast, but shades, halftones, imperceptibly passing one into another. The poet reproduces in the word not an object, but an impression. We encounter such a phenomenon in Russian literature for the first time precisely in Fet.

The poet not only likens nature to man, but fills it with human emotions. Fet's poems are saturated with aromas, the smell of herbs, "fragrant nights", "fragrant dawns":

Your luxurious wreath is fresh and fragrant,

All incense flowers are heard in it ...

But sometimes the poet still manages to stop the moment, and then a picture of a frozen world is created in the poem:

The mirror moon floats across the azure desert,

The grasses of the steppe are humiliated by evening moisture,

Speech is jerky, the heart is again superstitious,

Long shadows in the distance sank into a hollow.

Here, each line captures a brief complete impression, and there is no logical connection between these impressions.

In the poem "Whisper, timid breathing ..." the rapid change of static pictures gives the verse an amazing dynamism, airiness, gives the poet the opportunity to depict the subtlest transitions from one state to another. Without a single verb, only with short nominal sentences, like an artist - with bold strokes, Fet conveys a tense lyrical experience.

The poem has a specific plot: it describes the meeting of lovers in the garden. In just 12 lines, the author managed to express a whole bunch of feelings, subtly convey all the shades of experiences. The poet does not describe in detail the development of relationships, but recreates only the most important moments of this great feeling.

In this poem, momentary sensations are perfectly conveyed, and, alternating them, Fet conveys the state of the heroes, and the course of the night, and the consonance of nature with the human soul, and the happiness of love. The lyrical hero strives to “stop the moment”, to capture the most precious and sweetest moments of communication with his beloved, with beauty, with nature, with God himself: the whisper and breathing of his beloved, the sounds of a stream flowing by, the first timid rays of the approaching dawn, his delight and ecstasy.

Thus, the main themes of Fet's lyrics - nature and love, seem to be merged into one. It is in them, as in a single melody, that all the beauty of the world, all the joy and charm of life are combined.

TYUTCHIV Being a contemporary of Pushkin, F. I. Tyutchev, however, was ideologically connected with another generation - the generation of “wise men”, who sought not so much to actively intervene in life as to comprehend it. This propensity for knowledge of the surrounding world and self-knowledge led Tyutchev to a completely original philosophical and poetic concept.

Tyutchev's lyrics can be thematically presented as philosophical, civil, landscape and love. However, these themes are very closely intertwined in each poem, where a passionate feeling gives rise to a deep philosophical thought about the existence of nature and the universe, about the connection of human existence with universal life, about love, life and death, about human destiny and the historical destinies of Russia.

Tyutchev's worldview is characterized by the perception of the world as a dual substance. The ideal and the demonic are two beginnings that are in constant struggle. The existence of life is impossible if one of the principles is missing, because there must be balance in everything. So, for example, in the poem "Day and Night" these two states of nature are opposed to each other:

Day - this brilliant cover -

Day - earthly revival,

Souls of the aching healing,

Friend of man and gods.

Tyutchev's day is filled with life, joy and boundless happiness. But he is only an illusion, a ghostly cover thrown over the abyss. The night has a completely different character:

And the abyss is naked to us,

With your fears and darkness

And there are no barriers between her and us:

That is why we are afraid of the night.

The image of the abyss is inextricably linked with the image of the night; this abyss is that primordial chaos from which everything came and into which everything will go. It beckons and scares at the same time. Night leaves a person alone not only with cosmic darkness, but also alone with himself. The night world seems to Tyutchev true, because the true world, in his opinion, is incomprehensible, and it is the night that allows a person to touch the secrets of the universe and his own soul. The day is dear to the human heart because it is simple and understandable. Night gives rise to a feeling of loneliness, being lost in space, helplessness in front of unknown forces. That is, according to Tyutchev, the true position of man in this world. Maybe that's why he calls the night "holy."

The quatrain "The Last Cataclysm" prophesies the last hour of nature in grandiose images, heralding the end of the old world order:

When the last hour of nature strikes,

The composition of the parts will collapse earthly:

Everything visible will again be covered by water,

And God's face will be depicted in them.

Tyutchev's poetry shows that the new society never got out of the state of "chaos". Modern man has not fulfilled his mission to the world, he has not allowed the world to rise with him to beauty, to reason. Therefore, the poet has many poems in which a person is, as it were, recalled back to the elements as having failed in his own role.

Poems "Silentium!" (Silence) - a complaint about the isolation, the hopelessness in which our soul resides:

Be silent, hide and hide

And your feelings and dreams ...

The true life of a man is the life of his soul:

Only know how to live in yourself -

There is a whole world in your soul

Mysterious magical thoughts ...

It is no coincidence that images of a starry night, pure underground springs are associated with inner life, and images of daylight rays and external noise are associated with outer life. The world of human feelings and thoughts is a true world, but unknowable. As soon as a thought takes on a verbal form, it is instantly distorted: "A thought uttered is a lie."

Tyutchev tries to see things in contradiction. In the poem "Gemini" he writes:

There are twins - for terrestrial

The two deities are Death and Sleep...

Tyutchev's twins are not twins, they do not echo each other, one is feminine, the other is masculine, each has its own meaning; they coincide with each other, but they are also at enmity. For Tyutchev, it was natural to find polar forces everywhere, one and yet dual, consistent with each other and turned against each other.

"Nature", "element", "chaos", on the one hand, space - on the other. These are perhaps the most important of those polarities that Tyutchev reflected in his poetry. Separating them, he penetrates deeper into the unity of nature in order to bring the divided closer together again.