Presentation for children of senior preschool age on the topic: "The history of the theater". History of the theater. Presentation on the topic history of the theater

31.07.2021

Theater for everyone. Theaters of Saratov. Russian theater. Small Theatre. Theater is for children. Theater history. Theater day. Project "Theatre for All". Theater building. Literature and theatre. My favorite theatre. Dramatic image. Moscow Art Theatre. Theater "Old House". Visiting the theatre. Bolshoi Drama Theatre. Berenche theatre. In the theater of Dionysus.

A trip to the theatre. The history of the creation of theaters. History of the puppet theatre. Theater of the 20th century. La Scala Theatre. Do you love the theater as much as I love it. History of the Russian theater. Project "Child and theatre". Theater is great. Theater of small forms. Athens theatre. The theater is full... Project: "Theatre, Library and Us". Moscow Drama Theater on Malaya Bronnaya.

Chelyabinsk Youth Theatre. What theater can you go to? Theater of the early twentieth century. Theater on an easel. Rules of cultural behavior in the theater. Theaters are different. 10 - the best theaters. That magic word is theater. Theater history project. The good genius of the Russian theater. Project on the topic: "Theater with your own hands." Project for the middle group on the topic: "Theater for all."

Miracle theater. Russian theater of the 17th-18th centuries. From the history of the formation of the Russian theater. Foreign theater of the XX century. Theater Week program. The oldest theater in the Urals. Theater as a way to self-knowledge. Theater of Health "House of my dreams". Museums, theaters and libraries of Tver. Theaters of Moscow in the first half of the 9th century. Dramatic works of Simeon of Polotsk.

Experimental work in the preschool educational institution "Theatre of Children's Hands". Fragments of the classes of the social theater "Magic Land". Theater is a mirror in which events and people are reflected. Scenes of Simferopol (Tour of theaters and cinemas of the city).

MKOU "Torbeevskaya Basic School named after A.I. Danilov"

Novoduginsky district, Smolensk region

The history of the theater in Russia

Done: Primary school teacher

Smirnova A.A.

d.Torbeevo

2016

Folk art Russian theater originated in ancient times in folk art. These were rituals, holidays. Over time, rituals lost their meaning and turned into performance games. Elements of the theater were manifested in them - dramatic action, disguise, dialogue. The oldest theater was the games of folk actors - buffoons.

buffoons

In 1068 buffoons are first mentioned in chronicles. They coincide in time with the appearance on the walls of the Kiev Sophia Cathedral of frescoes depicting buffoon performances. The chronicler monk calls buffoons servants of the devils, and the artist who painted the walls of the cathedral found it possible to include their image in church decorations along with icons.

Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv

Frescoes on the walls of St. Sophia Cathedral

Who are buffoons?

Here is the definition given by the compiler of the explanatory dictionary V.I. Dal:

"A buffoon, a buffoon, a musician, a piper, a miracle worker, a bagpiper, a harper, a hunter with dances with songs, jokes and tricks, an actor, a comedian, a joker, a bugbear, a lomaka, a jester"

Parsley

In the 17th century, the first oral dramas developed, simple in plot, reflecting popular moods. The puppet comedy about Petrushka (his first name was Vanka-Ratatouille) told about the adventures of a clever merry fellow who was not afraid of anything in the world. .

court theater

Plans to create a court theater first appeared with Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1643. The Moscow government tried to find artists who would agree to enter the royal service. In 1644, a troupe of comedians from Strasbourg arrived in Pskov. They lived in Pskov for about a month, after which, for some unknown reason, they were expelled from Russia.

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov

Royal Theater The first royal theater in Russia belonged to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and existed from 1672 to 1676. Its beginning is associated with the name of the boyar Artamon Matveev. Artamon Sergeevich ordered the pastor of the German settlement Johann Gottfried Gregory, who lived in Moscow, to recruit an acting troupe.

Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

Artamon Matveev

The pastor recruited 64 young men and teenage boys and began to teach them acting skills. He composed a play on a biblical story. It was written in German, but the performance was given in Russian. On October 17, 1672, the long-awaited theater was opened in the Tsar's residence near Moscow and the first theatrical performance took place.

funny ward

The Royal Theater, as a building, was called the Amusement Chamber.

school theater

In the 17th century, a school theater appeared in Russia at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. The plays were written by teachers, and the students staged historical tragedies, dramas, and satirical everyday scenes. The satirical scenes of the school theater laid the foundation for the comedy genre in the national dramaturgy. At the origins of the school theater was a famous political figure, playwright Simeon Polotsky.

Simeon Polotsky

Fortress theaters

And at the end of the 17th century, the first serf theaters appeared. Fortress theaters contributed to the appearance of women on the stage. Among the outstanding Russian serf actresses is the one who shone in the theater of Counts Sheremetevs Praskovya Zhemchugova-Kovalev. The repertoire of the fortress theaters consisted of works by European authors, primarily French and Italian.

Count Sheremetev

Praskovya Zhemchugova-Kovaleva

Fortress Theater of Count Sheremetev

home theater building

Sheremetevs

Actors costumes

theater room

When did the theater appear in the city of Smolensk?

1) in 1708

2) in 1780

3) in 1870

4) in 1807

In 1780 for the arrival Catherine II accompanied by Emperor Joseph II , the governor of the city, Prince N.V. Repnin, prepared an “opera house”, where “Russian comedy with a choir” was presented by “nobles of both sexes”.

N. V. Repnin

Catherine II

Emperor Joseph II

Whose name is the Smolensk Drama Theater?

1) A.S. Pushkin?

2) F.M. Dostoevsky?

3) L.N. Tolstoy?

4) A.S. Griboyedov?

What theater is not in Smolensk?

Chamber theater

Puppet Theatre

Opera and Ballet Theatre

There is no opera and ballet theater in Smolensk, there is a philharmonic named after M.I. Glinka

Smolensk Regional Philharmonic M.I. Glinka

Concert hall Smolensk Philharmonic

Managing fairy-tale characters is a real art, which can only be mastered by talented people who happily “breathe” life into their silent wards. March 21 is their professional holiday on a global scale - International Puppeteer Day.

The history of the theater

When does theater appear? It seems that theatrical performances have been an integral part of the culture of mankind since its inception: no matter what antiquity we look into, there are elements of reincarnation and play in it. Hunting rites of the "cave" antiquity, ritual dances, shamanistic rituals, magnificent festivities in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, Greek bacchanalia, Roman celebrations, medieval religious mysteries - everywhere there is a share of reincarnation, theatrical play.

Initially, all theatrical spectacles had a sacred meaning, but already in Ancient Greece, a secular theater arose and reached unprecedented heights, the purpose of which was to educate and educate citizens. The Greek tradition was continued in Ancient Rome, although the emphasis shifted from education to entertainment, entertainment of the public.

In the Middle Ages (both in Europe and in Russia), two branches of theatrical art continued to develop - religious and secular, but secular theater, condemned by the Church, goes deep "to the people." Wandering theatrical troupes appear, which on holidays entertained the people with primitive farces, often with sharp social overtones: the rich, rulers, clerics, etc. were ridiculed. Varieties of theaters are directly related to the genres that are presented in them. Although they express not so much a genre as a form of acting. We list some of them:

Opera and Ballet Theatre. Opera and ballet appeared in Italy during the Renaissance. The first opera house appeared in Venice in 1637. Ballet was formed as a separate theatrical genre in France, having been transformed from dances at the courts. Very often these types of theaters are combined in one place. drama theater Opera and ballet are accompanied by a symphony orchestra. Music becomes an integral part of these productions. It conveys the mood, the atmosphere of everything that happens on the stage and emphasizes the performances of the actors. Opera singers work with voice and emotions, while ballet dancers convey everything through movement. Opera and ballet theaters are always the most beautiful theatrical establishments. They are located in the richest city buildings with unique architecture. Luxurious furnishings, a beautiful curtain, large orchestra pits - this is what it looks like from the inside. Drama theater musical theater. Here the main place is given to the actors and the director. It is they who create the characters of the characters, transforming into the necessary images. The director conveys his vision and leads the team. Drama theater is called the theater of "experiences". In drama theaters, not only performances are staged - plays with complex plots. The drama theater includes comedies, musicals and other musical performances in its repertoire. All productions are based only on dramatic literature. Musical theater - a place where you can watch any of the theatrical performances. Operas, comedies, operettas, musicals and all those performances in which there is a lot of music are staged in it. Choir and ballet dancers, musicians and actors work here. Any kind of theatrical art associated with pop or classical music can find its fans in this theatre. Comedy theatre. Combined actors who can sing and dance. They should easily get used to comedic images and not be afraid to be funny. Very often you can see "Drama and Comedy Theatres", "Musical Comedy Theatres". Combining several genres in one theater does not interfere with preserving its flavor. The repertoire may include operettas, satirical comedies, musicals, dramas, musical performances for children.

Variety theater. Replenished types of theaters relatively recently. And immediately fell in love with the audience. The first variety theater appeared in the middle of the last century. Variety artists include contemporary singers, dancers, presenters. Variety artists are show business stars, dancers and showmen, as they are now called. Solo concerts are often held in variety theaters, concerts dedicated to some memorable dates, performances by contemporary authors are played. Comedians hold concerts here, put on performances-comics, performances on classical works.

Musical. This species is not always defined as a separate species. The musical uses acting, singing, dancing. It combines forms of pop art and everyday dance. As a rule, the plots of musicals are quite simple, this type of theater is intended for a wide audience, often music from musicals becomes a hit.

One of the oldest forms of theater pantomime. In such performances, they try to convey the essence with the help of gestures and facial expressions, this is either short performances or a full-fledged stage action. Now we can see performances of mimes not only in the theater, but also on the streets of the city.

Puppet Theatre. This is a special place. Here you plunge into the world of childhood and joy. The decoration here is always colorful, attracting the attention of the smallest viewers. The puppet theater is often the first theater that children enter. And the future attitude of the kid to the theater depends on what impression he will make on the inexperienced spectator. A variety of theatrical performances is based on the use of various types of puppets. Recently, puppeteer actors do not hide behind screens, but interact with puppets on stage. The origins of this type of theater are far in ancient Greece. Puppet theater is not only an introduction to art, but also a method of psychological correction for the smallest.

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From a round dance to a booth Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 8, Severomorsk - 3, Murmansk region

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In the old days in Rus', a round dance was a popular folk game. He reflected a variety of life phenomena. There were love, military, family, labor dances ... We know three types of round dance:

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In round dance games, the choral and dramatic beginnings were organically merged. Such games usually began with "set" songs, and ended with "collapsible", and the songs were distinguished by a clear rhythm. Subsequently, with a change in the structure of the tribal community, round dance games also changed. Soloists-leaders (luminaries) and actors (actors) appeared. There were usually no more than three actors. While the choir sang the song, they acted out its content. There is an opinion that it was these actors who became the founders of the first buffoons.

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Russian dance is an integral part of folk games and festivities. She has always been associated with song. It was this combination that was one of the main expressive means of the folk theater. Since ancient times, Russian folk dance has been based on the daring of competing partners, on the one hand, and the unity, smoothness of movements, on the other.

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Russian dance was born from pagan rites. After the 11th century, with the advent of professional buffoon actors, the nature of the dance also changed. Buffoons owned a developed dance technique; varieties of buffoons-dancers arose. There were buffoons-dancers who not only danced, but also played pantomime performances with the help of dance, which were most often improvised. Dancers-dancers appeared, usually they were the wives of buffoons. Russian dance

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Dance has occupied a large place in various forms of theatre. He was a part of not only games and festivities, but also the performances of the Petrushka puppet show, often filling the pause between acts of the school drama. Many traditions of Russian dance have survived to this day.

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Guide bears have been mentioned in sources since the 16th century, although it is possible that they appeared much earlier. A respectful attitude towards this beast originated in pagan times. The bear is the progenitor. He is a symbol of health, fertility, prosperity, he is stronger than evil spirits.

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Among the buffoons, the bear was considered the breadwinner of the family, its full member. Such artists were called by name and patronymic: Mikhailo Potapych or Matrena Ivanovna. In their performances, guides usually depicted the life of the common people, interludes were on a wide variety of everyday topics. The owner asked, for example: "And how, Misha, do small children go to steal peas?" - or: "And how do women slowly wander to the master's work?" - and the beast showed it all. At the end of the performance, the bear performed several learned movements, and the owner commented on them.

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The "bear comedy" in the 19th century consisted of three main parts: first, the dance of the bear with the "goat" (the goat was usually portrayed by a boy who put a bag on his head; a stick with a goat's head and horns was pierced through the bag from above; a wooden tongue was attached to the head, from the clapping of which there was a terrible noise), then came the performance of the beast under the jokes of the guide, and then its struggle with the "goat" or the owner. The first descriptions of such comedies date back to the 18th century. This craft existed for a long time, until the 30s of the last century.

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Since ancient times, in many European countries, it was customary to set up a manger with figurines of the Virgin, a baby, a shepherd, a donkey and a bull in the middle of the church for Christmas. Gradually, this custom grew into a kind of theatrical performance, which told with the help of dolls the famous gospel legends about the birth of Jesus Christ, the worship of the Magi and the cruel King Herod. The Christmas performance was well spread in Catholic countries, in particular in Poland, from where it moved to Ukraine, Belarus, and then, in a slightly modified form, to Vilikorossia.

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When the Christmas custom went beyond the boundaries of the Catholic church, it acquired the name vertep (Old Slavic and Old Russian - cave). It was a puppet theatre. Imagine a box divided internally into two floors. The top of the box ended with a roof, its open side facing the public. On the roof is a bell tower. A candle was placed on it behind glass, which burned during the performance, giving the action a magical, mysterious character. Puppets for the crib theater were made of wood or rags and attached to a rod. The lower part of the rod was held by the puppeteer, so the puppets moved and even turned. The puppeteer himself was hidden behind a box. On the upper floor of the den, biblical stories were played out, on the lower floor - everyday: everyday, comedic, sometimes social. And the set of dolls for the lower floor was the usual: men, women, the devil, gypsies, a gendarme, and a simple man always turned out to be more cunning and smarter than a gendarme. It was from the Nativity Theater that the Petrushka Theater, so popular among the people, was later born.

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Everyone will dance, but not like a buffoon, ”says a Russian proverb. Indeed, many could play games, but not everyone could be a professional buffoon. The favorite among the people among professional buffoons was the puppet theater actor, and the most popular was the comedy about Petrushka. Petrushka is a favorite hero of both the buffoons who gave the performance and the audience. This is a daring daredevil and a bully, who in any situation retained a sense of humor and optimism. He always deceived the rich and the authorities, and as a spokesman for the protest, he enjoyed the support of the audience.

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In such a theatrical performance, two heroes simultaneously acted (according to the number of hands of the puppeteer): Petrushka and the doctor, Petrushka and the policeman. The plots were the most common: Petrushka gets married or buys a horse, etc. He always participated in a conflict situation, while Petrushka's reprisals were quite cruel, but the public never condemned him for this. At the end of the performance, Petrushka was often overtaken by “heavenly punishment”. The Petrushka puppet theater was most popular in the 17th century.

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Since the end of the 18th century, at the fair, one could often see a brightly dressed man who carried a decorated box (rayok) and shouted loudly: “Come here with me to chat, honest people, both boys and girls, and well done and well done, and merchants and merchants, and clerks and clerks, and official rats and idle revelers. I'll show you all sorts of pictures: both gentlemen and men in sheepskin coats, and you listen to jokes and various jokes with attention, eat apples, gnaw nuts, look at pictures and take care of your pockets. They'll cheat." Rayok

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Raek came to us from Europe and goes back to large panoramas. The art historian D. Rovinsky in the book “Russian Folk Pictures” describes it as follows: “Raek is a small box, arshin in all directions, with two magnifying glasses in front. Inside it, a long strip with home-grown images of different cities, great people and events is rewound from one rink to another. Spectators, "on a penny from the snout," look into the glass. Rayoshnik moves the pictures and tells sayings to each new number, often very intricate.”

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Raek was very popular among the people. In it one could see both the panorama of Constantinople and the death of Napoleon, the church of St. Peter in Rome and Adam with his family, heroes, dwarfs and freaks. Moreover, the resident did not just show pictures, but commented on the events depicted on them, often criticizing the authorities and the existing order, in a word, touching on the most burning problems. As a fairground entertainment, the rayek existed until the end of the 19th century.

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Not a single fair in the 18th century was complete without a booth. Theatrical booths become favorite shows of that era. They were built right on the square, and by the way the booth was decorated, one could immediately understand whether its owner was rich or poor. Usually they were built from boards, the roof was made from canvas or linen.

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Inside there was a stage and a curtain. Ordinary spectators were seated on benches and during the performance they ate various sweets, donuts, and even cabbage soup. Later, a real auditorium appeared in the booths with stalls, boxes, and an orchestra pit. Outside, booths were decorated with garlands, signboards, and when gas lighting appeared, then with gas lamps. The troupe usually consisted of professional and itinerant actors. They gave up to five performances a day. In the theatrical booth one could see the harlequinade, tricks, interludes. Singers, dancers and just "outlandish" people performed here. Popular was the person drinking the fiery liquid, or the "African cannibal" eating pigeons. The cannibal was usually an artist smeared with resin, and the pigeon was a scarecrow with a bag of cranberries. Naturally, ordinary people always looked forward to a fair with a theatrical booth.

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There were also circus booths, their actors were "jack of all trades". Yu. Dmitriev in the book “Circus in Russia” quotes a message about the arrival of comedians from Holland, who “walking on a rope, dancing, jumping in the air, on the stairs, holding on to nothing, playing the violin, and walking up the stairs, dancing, immensely jump high and do other amazing things.” Over the long years of their existence, the booths have changed, by the end of the 19th century they almost disappeared from the history of the Russian theater forever.

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